Special Populations

Question 1

What micronutrients is a female athlete most likely to be deficient in?

Answer 1

• Calcium
• Iron
• Zinc

Question 2

What are typical exercise responses in the pregnant female?

Answer 2

Increased resting heart rate
Increased cardiac output

*Due to increased plasma volume

Question 3

What is primary amenorrhea?

Answer 3

Should menstruate by the age of 14

Question 4

What is secondary amenorrhea?

Answer 4

Absence of menses for more than 90 days (3 months) after onset of menses

Question 5

Describe Marfan’s syndrome

Classic presentation?
Leads to a weakness of?
Can lead to?

Answer 5

Abnormality of connective tissue

Classic presentation:

• Tall, slender build
• Long arms, legs, fingers
• Protruding or indented breastplate bone
• Flat feet
• Heart murmers

Weakness in aorta & cardiac vessels

Can lead to aortic rupture = death

Question 6

Can athletes with Marfan’s syndrome participate in sport?

Answer 6

Prohibited, except for low intensity sports like golf or bowling

Question 7

Female athlete triad

Answer 7

Energy Availability (eating disorder)
Menstrual Function
Bone Mineral Density

Question 8

Oligomenorrhea

Answer 8

Menstrual cycle greater than 35 days

Question 9

Amenorrhea

Answer 9

absence of menstruation

Question 10

Most common cause of menstrual dysfunction?

Answer 10

Negative energy balance

Question 11

Low Bone Density:

BMD Z score btwn:

Answer 11

• 1 and -2

* osteoporosis is defined as a z-score below -2

Question 12

What is the “cornerstone” of the 3 components of the female athlete triad?

Answer 12

Estrogen

• has a protective effect on bone by inhibiting the function of osteoclasts

Question 13

When should screening for the female triad be performed?

Answer 13

• pre-participation exams

- annual health exams

Question 14

When should you obtain a bone scan (DEXA)?

Answer 14

• history of repetitive or multiple stress fractures

- altered eating habits for total of 6 months

Question 15

What are validated screen tools for female athlete triad?

Answer 15

1. LEAF Questionnaire
2. Eating Disorders Inventory
3. EAT-26

Question 16

Autonomic Dysreflexia

Answer 16

Seen in SCI at or above T6 level

MEDICIAL Emergency

Question 17

Autonomic Dysreflexia:

Sx:

Answer 17

Headache
Hypertension
Flushing
Diaphoresis
Bradycardia

Question 18

Autonomic Dysreflexia:

Treatment

Answer 18

Sit athlete upright

Removal of noxious stimulus

• distended bladder
• fecal mass
• contact with sharp object

Question 19

Typical areas of pressure sores w/ SCI athletes?

Answer 19

Sacrum & ischial tuberosity

Question 20

Preclampsia:

Sx

Answer 20

MEDICAL EMERGENCY

Sx:

• Swelling
• Sudden weight gain
• Headaches
• Change in vision

Question 21

After the 13 week of pregnancy; women needs ___more K/Cal

Answer 21

300

Question 22

Cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy:

Answer 22

Inc blood volume
Inc heart rate
Inc stroke volume
Inc cardiac output

Dec in systemic vascular resistance

Question 23

What position should be avoided after the first trimester?

Answer 23

Supine

Obstruction of venous return, causes dec in cardiac output

Question 24

How long do physiological changes persist postpartum?

Answer 24

4-6 weeks