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SCS > Blood Borne Pathogens and Other Hematological Considerations in the Athlete > Flashcards

Blood Borne Pathogens and Other Hematological Considerations in the Athlete Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two subgroups of Contact Transmission?

A
  • Direct Contact - Straight from one person to another with no intermediate object
  • Indirect Contact - Intermediate object like doorknob, etc.
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2
Q

What is Droplet Transmission?

A
  • Respiratory droplets carrying infectious pathogens transmit infection when they travel directly from the respiratory tract of the infectious individual to susceptible recipients
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3
Q

What is Airborne Transmission?

A
  • Dissemination of airborne droplet nuclei or small particles in respirable size ranges containing an infective agent that remains infective over time and distance
  • Includes Myobacterium Tuberculosis, Rubeola virus or Measles, and Varicella-Zoster virus or Chickenpox
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4
Q

What are the two tiers of precautions to prevent transmission of infectious agents?

A
  • Standard Precautions - Primary strategy for prevention

- Transmission Based Precautions- Used when patient is known to be infected

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5
Q

What are the elements of Standard Precautions?

A
  • Hand Hygiene
  • Use of gloves gowns, masks, eye protection or face shields, depending on the anticipated exposure
  • Safe injection practices
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6
Q

What is Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)?

A
  • Virus that affects the Liver

- Stable on surfaces up to 7 days

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7
Q

What are symptoms of HBV?

A
  • Jaundice
  • Fever
  • Nausea
  • Abdominal pain
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8
Q

When and for how long should Anti Retroviral drugs be given after exposure to HIV?

A
  • Start within 24 hours of exposure
  • Continue for four weeks
  • May have GI Side Effects
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9
Q

What are symptoms of HIV?

A
  • Flu Like
  • Fever, Chills, Night sweats, Swollen lymph nodes, Rashes and sore muscles and joints
  • May also have Weight loss, Chronic diarrhea, Fatigue and Thrush in the mouth
  • May take years for these symptoms to develop
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10
Q

What is Anemia?

A
  • Low levels of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin

- Measured as a percentage of RBCs in a given volume of plasma

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11
Q

What is Sports Anemia?

A
  • Catch-all term that is used to address any type of anemia that affects athletes
  • Could be when Plasma Volume increases as a result to exercise
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12
Q

What is Dilutional Pseudoanemia?

A
  • Secondary to plasma volume expansion
  • Most common type of anemia in athletes
  • Considered an anemia in that the hemoglobin concentration is lower than usually defined
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13
Q

What is “Foot Strike Hemolysis” or Intravascular Hemolysis?

A
  • Impact of foot strike bursts Red Blood Cells in the vessels
  • Hemoglobin spills into the plasma, where it binds to the plasma protein Haptoglobin
  • Haptoglobin takes Heme to the liver where Iron is salvaged
  • If enough RBCs are destroyed, you run out of Haptoglobin and start losing this Iron
  • Negligible, not significant cause of iron loss
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14
Q

How do you diagnose and treat Foot Strike Hemolysis?

A
  • Measurement of serum haptoglobin, serum free hemoglobin or the presence of hemoglobinuria
  • Treat with new foot wear or activity modification
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15
Q

What are Clinical Signs of Chronic Iron Deficiency?

A
  • Glossitis
  • Angular stomatitis
  • Koilonychia (spoon nails)
  • Blue sclera
  • Esophageal webbing
  • Anemia
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16
Q

What are some Behavioral Disturbances Common in people with Chronic Iron Deficiency?

A
  • Pica (Eating disorders below)
  • Abnormal consumption of dirt [geophagia]
  • Consumption of Ice [pagophagia]
17
Q

What are the most powerful enhancers of non-heme iron absorption?

A
  • Ascorbic Acid

- Meat

18
Q

What is the Classic clinical presentation of iron deficiency?

A
  • Female competitive endurance runner who presents with an insidious onset of fatigue or declining performance
  • GI bleeding, abdominal symptoms or dark urine are common findings
19
Q

What is the primary treatment approach for iron deficiency?

A
  • Oral Ferrous Sulfate
  • Improvement in weeks
  • Treatment continued for six to twelve months
20
Q

What is the Hallmark Finding or Iron Deficiency?

A
  • Low Ferritin (< 10 mcg/L)……And

- Low iron saturation (Fe/TIBC < 15%)

21
Q

How many milligrams of Iron do men and women need daily?

A
  • Men: 10mg

- Women: 15mg

22
Q

What are some possible underlying causes of Iron Deficiency?

A
  • Bowel Diseases
  • Celiac disease
  • Crohn’s disease
  • Cancer
  • Thalassemia
  • Sickle cell anemia
23
Q

How can Sickle Cell Trait be harmful during exercise?

A
  • Sickle cells accumulate and “logjam” blood vessels, causing explosive rhabdomyolysis
24
Q

What are some Medical Problems that can occur as a result of Sickle Cells being destroyed more rapidly than normal RBCs?

A
  • Anemia
  • Jaundice
  • Formation of gallstones
  • Lung tissue damage
  • Pain episodes
  • Stroke
  • Priapism (painful prolonged erections)
  • Spleen Damage
25
Q

What is primary treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia?

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Vaccinations
  • Folic acid supplementation
26
Q

How are Complications from Sickle Cell Treated?

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Pain Management
  • IV Fluids
  • Blood Transfusions
27
Q

What is a possible complication that arises with Blood Transfusions to treat Sickle Cell?

A
  • Excessive Iron
28
Q

What are some Fatal and Non Fatal illnesses Associated with Sickle Cell?

A
  • Sudden Death
  • Non Fatal:
  • Splenic Infarction (mostly at high altitudes)
  • Hematuria
29
Q

What are exercise precautions for Sickle Cell?

A
  • Build up exercise intensity gradually
  • Acclimatization
  • Respond to an athlete reporting symptoms of physical distress
  • Avoid overheating and dehydration
30
Q

What are some symptoms of an athlete suffering from effects of Sickle Cell Anemia?

A
  • Hematuria
  • Reduced ability to concentrate urine
  • Tendency to develop glaucoma secondary to hyphema after eye injuries
31
Q

In the Event of a Sickling Collapse, what should you do?

A
  1. Check vital signs.
  2. Administer oxygen if available.
  3. Cool the athlete, if necessary.
  4. If that athlete is obtunded or as vital signs decline, call 911, attach an AED, start an IV and get the athlete to the hospital quickly.
  5. Consider advising medical professionals that rhabdomyolysis may be present.
  6. Have an Emergency Action Plan in place for all practices and competitions.
32
Q

What is the Danger of Blood Doping?

A
  • Increased Hematocrit (Percentage of whole blood occupied by RBCs)
  • Can lead to concentrated or (thick) blood that can cause embolus
33
Q

What is Paget-Schroetter Syndrome?

A
  • Upper Extremity DVT

- Axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis (ASVT) associated with strenuous activity of the upper extremity

34
Q

What are some anatomic abnormalities associated with Paget-Schroetter Syndrome?

A
  • Thoracic outlet abnormalities (cervical rib, congenital bands, hypertrophy of the scalenes and abnormal insertion of the costoclavicular ligament)
35
Q

What is Presentation of Paget-Schroetter Syndrome?

A
  • Young Otherwise Healthy Men
  • Typically Dominant Arm
  • Swelling and Arm Discomfort
  • Heaviness, redness of the arm, cyanosis and dilated visible veins across the shoulder and upper arm
  • Could result in embolism
  • Treat like Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

SCS (36 decks)

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