Environment Flashcards
What is the first sign of hypothermia?
Shivering
When treating frostbite:
Once warming has begun…
Once warming has begun tissue must not be allowed to cool again
4 mechanisms of heat loss:
Radiation
Evaporation
Conduction
Convection
What is the primary mechanism by which the body dissipates heat?
Evaporation
What is the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature?
Index of environmental heat stress
Used to estimate the risk of heat related illness
ACSM recommends cancelling sporting events if the WBGT is >____F?
> 82.4 F
WBGT: < 65 F
Low risk
WBGT: 65-73 F
Moderate risk
WBGT: 73-82 F
High risk
WBGT: >82 F
Very high risk
What is the clinical definition of heat stroke?
- elevated core body temperature > 40 C
2. altered mental status
Treatment of heat stroke?
Cold Water Bath – ASAP!
ACSM recommends cooling first, and then transfer to emergency medical facility
- During rapid cooling:
- Rectal temperature should be monitored every 3-5 minutes
- Continue until temperature reaches an acceptable level (37.5-38 C)
After acute heat stroke how long is an athlete required prior to return to sport?
Minimum of 1 week
Primary way body looses heat?
radiation
What is normal core temperature?
99.6F (37.6 C)
What should be warmed first?
Torso
To avoid “after drop” in core temperature
Appearance of:
Superficial frost bite (1st degree)
Partial skin freezing
No blisters
Symptoms:
- burning
- stinging
- throbbing/aching
Appearance of:
Superficial frost bite (2nd degree)
Full thickness injury
Edema
Vesicles w/ clear fluid
Appearance of:
Deep frost bite (3rd degree)
Full thickness & subcutaneous freezing
- blisters
- skin necrosis
- blue-gray discoloration
Appearance of:
Deep frost bite (4th degree)
skin, muscle, tendon, bone freezing
- little edema
- deep red or cynotic
- eventually dry, black skin
Treatment of superficial frost bite
Rapid rewarming in warm water 40-42 C (104 to 108 F)
What is the 30 seconds to 30 minutes rule in regards to lightening?
When the time btwn seeing lightening and hearding thunder is 30 secs of less - ppl need to be in shelter
Shelter should be sought for 30 minutes from the time of the last lightening flash
Altitude sickness is common in travels to:
3500 meters or more
Types of altitude sickness:
AMS
HAPE
HACE
Sx of Acute Mountain sickness
HA Anorexia Nausea or vomiting Fatigue Dizziness Difficulty sleeping
How long does it take for AMS to resolve?
1 to 3 days
When do sx of HAPE occur?
2 to 3 days after arrival to altitude
Sx of HAPE?
- Dyspnea with exercise
- Progressing to dyspnea at rest
- Dry cough
- Weakness
- Poor exercise tolerance
Sx of HACE?
Ataxia
Progressive deterioration in conscious level
** may lead to coma or death
Immersion/Trench foot
- burning
- tingling
- itchy feet
- loss of sensation
- cynotic or blotchy skin
NATA position statement on lightening
Seek shelter or safe location at the first signs of thunder or lightening
Signs of frost nip?
Blanches white skin
Treatment of frost nip?
Firm contact pressure
Place in warm area ie axilla
- no rubbing
How much fluid is required to maintain proper hydration @ less than 2%
7-10 oz every 10-20 minutes
How long should athletes be acclimatized to the heat?
Over 10 to 14 days
During pre-season, when is the greatest risk for EHI?
First 2-3 weeks of preseason
What is the appropriate progression of equipment?
- Helmets only
- Helmets and shoulder pads
- Full pads
What are the aims of fluid consumption or replacement?
- Prevent a BW loss of greater than 2%
2. Keep morning urine light in color
Define heat syncope
Treatment:
- brief episode of fainting
- dizziness
- tunnel vision
- pale or sweaty skin
- low rectal temperature
Treatment: lay patient supine, elevate legs above the heart
Define heat exhaustion
- KEY difference from EHS is rectal temp less than 40.5 C (105 F)
- Headache, Dizziness, Confusion
Define heat stroke
CNS dysfunction - confusion - disorientation - collapse Core body temp greater than 40.5 (105F)
*may have hot, wet skin
When can an athlete w/ EHS return to play?
One month w/ physician clearance
What is the goal temperature for a patient w/ EHS?
During CWI, how often should the temperature be checked?
Get below 102F (38.9C)
Every 5 to 10 mins
When are patients at increased risk of EHI?
The following day
What medications increase risk of EHI?
- stimulants
- antihistamines
- diuretics,
- antihypertensives
- attention-deficit hyperactive disorder drugs
