Special Care Flashcards
What is Special Care?
Special care dentistry are those with a disability or activity restriction that directly or indirectly affects their oral health
What are the problems associated with providing dental treatment?
Communication
Anxiety
Moving target
Perception of reality
Previous experience
What are the common patient groups treated in special care?
Involuntary movements
Learning difficulties: congenital, acquired
What are some examples of congenital/genetic movement disorders?
Muscular dystrophy
Cerebral palsy
Multiple sclerosis
Parkinson’s disease
Huntingdon’s chorea
What is an example of an acquired movement disorder?
Head injury
What are the features of assessment for patients with involuntary movements?
Mental and physical status
Anxiety
Pain experience
What are the two types of congenital learning difficulties?
Syndromic
Non-syndromic
What are examples of acquired learning difficulties?
Trauma
Infection
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Alzheimer’s
What are the features of assessment for management of patients with learning difficulties?
Will behavioural management be possible
Is pharmacological management needed
Sedation or GA or both
What act defines capacity in Scotland?
Adult Incapacity Act (2000)
What are the modes of administration of conscious sedation?
Inhalation
Intravenous
Oral
Transmucosal; rectal, intranasal, sublingual
What influences your choice of sedation technique?
Patient co-operation
Degree of anxiety
Dentistry required
Skills of the dental team
Patients previous experience
Facilities available
Anaesthetist required
What are the advantages of inhalation sedation?
Useful for anxiety relief
Rapid recovery
Flexible duration
What are the disadvantages of inhalation sedation?
Keeping nasal hood in place
Less muscle relaxation
Co-ordination of nasal breathing when mouth open
What are the advantages of intravenous sedation?
Good sedation achieved
Less cooperation needed
Muscle relaxation
What are the disadvantages of intravenous sedation?
Baseline readings
IV cannulation required
Assessing sedation level
Behaviour during recovery
Efficacy swallowing
What are the techniques for intravenous sedation?
Midazolam
Propofol
Multiple agent
What are the considerations for safety associated with intravenous sedation?
Swallowing
Airway
Liver
Medication interactions
ASA
What are the advantages of oral/transmucosal sedation?
Avoid cannulation
Can make induction more pleasant
Better cooperation
Better future behaviour
What are the disadvantages of oral/transmucosal sedation?
Baseline readings
Bitter taste/stinging
Lag time
Untitrateable
Difficulty in monitoring level of sedation
Behaviour in recovery
What is remimazolam?
A sedative drug undergoing clinical trials
Benzodiazepine ring and methylene ester molecule
Rapid breakdown and onset
Distribution half life= 0.5-2mins
Terminal elimination half life= 7-11 mins
Compare the distribution half-life of midazolam to remimazolam?
4-18 mins
0.5-2mins
Compare the elimination half life of midazolam to remimazolam
1.5-2 hours
7-11 mins
Compare the elimination half life of midazolam to remimazolam
1.5-2 hours
7-11 mins
What are some examples of complications of intravenous sedation?
Venospasm
Extravascular injection
Intraarterial injection
Haematoma
Fainting
What is venospasm?
Disappearing vein syndrome
Veins collapse at attempted venepuncture
What may a patient with venospasm experience?
A burning sensation
What is venospasm associated with?
Poorly visible veins
What are the options for management of venospasm?
Time dilating vein
Efficient technique; slow puncture makes outcome worse
Warm water/gloves in winter
What is the definition of an extravascular injection?
Active drug placed into interstitial space
How does an extravascular injection present?
Pain
Swelling
What are some problems associated with an extravascular injection?
Delayed absorption
How can you prevent an extravascular injection?
Good cannulation
Test dose of saline
What is the treatment for an extravascular injection?
Remove cannula
Apply pressure
Reassure
How will an intra-arterial injection present?
Pain on venepuncture
Red blood in cannula
Difficult to prevent leaks
Pain radiating distally from site of cannulation
Loss of colour or warmth to limb/weakening pulse
What are the prevention techniques for an intra-arterial injection?
Avoid anatomically prone sites; antecubital fossa (ACF) (medial to biceps tendon)
Palpate before attack
What are the management techniques for intra-arterial injection?
Monitor for loss of pulse- cold, discolouration
Leave cannula in situ for 5 mins post drug; if no problems, remove
If symptomatic leave and refer to hospital (procaine 1%)
What is a haematoma?
Extravasation of blood into soft tissues due to damage to vein walls
Why may a haematoma occur at venepuncture?
Poor technique
Why may a haematoma occur during cannula removal?
Failure to apply pressure
What is the treatment of a haematoma?
Time
Rest
Reassure
If severe- initial ice pack then moist heat 20 mins in hour after for 24 hours
May consider heparin containing gel
What is fainting during venepuncture associated with?
Anxiety related to venepuncture
Not eating prior
How can fainting during venepuncture be prevented?
Patient eat prior to
Topical skin anaesthesia
Risk assess first
Position patient well
What are the complications of intravenous sedations associated with drug administration?
Hyper-responders
Hypo-responders
Paradoxical reactions
Oversedation
Allergic reactions
What dose is a hyper responder associated with?
Deep sedation with minimal dose: 1-2mg midazolam
How should hyperresponders be managed?
Take care with titration:
1mg increments
Slow titration in elderly
How does a hyporesponder present?
Little sedative effect with large doses
How should you mange a hyporesponder?
Check the cannula is in the vein
What is hyporespondance associated with?
BZD induced
Cross tolerance
Idiopathic
How do paradoxical reactions present?
Appear to sedate normally
React extremely to all stimuli
Relax when stimuli removed
How do you manage a patient presenting with a paradoxical reaction?
Find another management technique
How does oversedation present?
Loss of responsiveness
Respiratory depression
Loss of ability to maintain airway
Respiratory arrest
How is oversedation managed?
Stop procedure
Try to rouse patient
ABC
If no response to stimulation and support:
Reverse with flumazenil 200ug, then 100ug increments at minute intervals
Monitor 1-4 hours
How can you manage respiratory depression?
Check the oximeter
Stimulate patient: ask patient to breathe
Supplemental oxygen: nasal cannulae 2 litres per minute
Reverse with flumazenil
How would you manage a loss of airway control and/or respiratory arrest?
Stimulate the patient/assess consciousness
Maintain/clean airway
Ventilate the patient
Reverse sedation
Consider other medical incident
Why should you ensure that patients are chaperoned?
Sexual fantasies common with inhalation sedation
What are the complications of inhalation sedation?
Oversedation
Patient panics
What are the signs and symptoms of a N2O overdose?
Patient discomfort
Lack of co-operation
Mouth breathing
Giggling
Nausea
Vomiting
Loss of consciousness
How do you treat an N2O overdose?
Decreased N2O concentration by 5-10%
Reassure
Don’t remove nosepiece
How should you manage a complication of oral/transmucosal sedation?
Place cannula and top up IV
How should you manage a complication of oral/transmucosal sedation?
Place cannula and top up IV
What is the definition of conscious sedation?
Use of a drugs or drugs to produce a state of depression of the CNS enabling treatment to be carried out
Verbal contact is maintained throughout
What are the medical indications aggravated by stress for sedation?
Conditions aggravated by the stress of dental treatment:
Ischaemic heart disease
Hypertension
Asthma
Epilepsy
Psychosomatic illness (somatoform disorders)
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn’s disease
What are the medical conditions that affect cooperation to be considered for sedation?
Mild to moderate movement or learning disabilities
Spasticity disorders
Parkinson’s disease
What are some psychosocial indications for sedation?
Phobias
Gagging
Persistent fainting
Idiosyncrasy to LA
Which phobias are associated with indication for sedation?
Things in mouth
Dental procedures
Needles
Drills
What is the definition of a phobia?
An irrational and uncontrollable fear which is related to a specific object or situation.
It is persistent despite avoidance of the provoking stimulus.
It has a direct effect on the patients lifestyle
What are causes of dental anxiety associated with trauma?
Primary traumatic experience
In childhood or cumulative
What are causes of dental anxiety associated with transference?
Parenteral
Playground
What are some general causes of dental anxiety?
Fear of criticism
Fear of dress
Lack of communication
Helplessness
Invasion of body orifice
Influenced by environment
Surgery appearance
Staff continuity
Age
Stage of development
Gender
SES
What are some examples of dental indications for sedation?
Difficult or unpleasant procedures: surgical/orthodontic extractions, implants
What are some medical contraindications for sedation?
Severe or uncontrolled systemic disease
Severe mental or physical disability
Severe psychiatric problems
Narcolepsy
Hypothyroidism
What is an ASA classification of 1?
A normal healthy patient
What is an ASA classification of 2?
A patient with mild systemic disease
What is an ASA classification of 3?
A patient with severe systemic disease
What is an ASA classification of 4?
A patient with severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life
What is an ASA classification of 5?
A moribund patient who is not expected to live without the operationb
What is an ASA classification of 6?
A declared brain dead patient whose organs are being removed for donor purposes
What are medical contraindications to intravenous sedation?
Intracranial pathology
COPD
Myasthenia gravies
Hepatic insufficiency
Pregnancy and lactation
What are some medical contraindications to inhalation sedation?
Blocked nasal airway
COPD
Pregnancy
What are some social contraindications to sedation?
Unwilling
Uncooperative
Unaccompanied
Children (IV)
Elderly
What are some dental contraindications to sedation?
Procedure too difficult for LA alone; if patient willing
Procedure too long
Spreading infection: airway threatened, limits LA
Procedure too traumatic
What are the advantages of sedation?
Decrease dentist stress
Decrease staff stress
Decrease patient stress
Fewer medical incidents
More productive appointments
What are the disadvantages of sedation?
Training required
Equipment required
Recovery time and after care
Describe the mechanics of breathing:
Diaphragm is used for quiet breathing
Inspiratory muscles contract
Increase in thoracic volume
Decrease in thoracic pressure
Air pushed along pressure gradient
Which muscles are used for more forceful breathing?
Intercostal and accessory
What is the pressure gradient for inspiration?
Palv < Patm
What is the pressure gradient for expiration?
Palv > Patm
What does tidal volume represent?th
The amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory.cycle
What does Inspiratory Reserve Volume mean?
The amount of air a person can inhale forcefully after normal tidal volume inspirsation
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
The amount of air that can be pushed out of the lungs upon forced expiration
What is residual volume (RV)?
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forceful expiration
What is vital capacity?
The total amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation
What is total lung capacity?
The volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort inspiration
What is the effect of restrictive and obstructive conditions on FEV1?
Reduces the FEV1
What is the function of the conducting zone of the airways?
No gas exchange
Anatomical dead space
Trachea and bronchi
What is the function of the respiratory zone in breathing?
Region of gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar duct and sac
What is the average tidal volume?
450ml
What is the average alveolar ventilation?
300ml
Amount of fresh air entering the alveoli
Discuss the process of pulmonary gas exchange?
Gas exchange occurs between the alveolar air and the pulmonary capillary blood
Gases move across the alveolar wall by diffusion which is determined by partial pressure gradients
What is V and Q greater?
Base of the lung
What is the PO2 and PCO2 of mixed venous blood?
PO2=40mmHg
PCO2= 46mmHg