Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Finals > Human Systems And Embryology > Flashcards

Human Systems And Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the features of an infant skull?

A

Eyes are large, ears are low set
Forehead upright and bulbous: face appears broad
Nasal region is vertically shallow with nasal floor close to inferior orbital rim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 ways an infant skull can grow?

A

At sutures or periosteal lined contact areas
In cartilage
By surface deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where in the skull does growth appear at sutures/periosteal lined contact areas?

A

Between the flat bones of the cranial vault and between the bones of the cranium and maxillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where in the skull does growth occur at cartilage?

A

Synchondroses between the bones forming the base of the skull
In the mandibular condyle and in the cartilage of the nasal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where in the skull does growth occur by surface deposition?

A

Over the surfaces of the cranial and facial bones
Beneath the covering periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the cranial vault grow?

A

The cranium expands in response to the growing brain (until 6-7 years)
After neural growth ceases, the forehead continues to expand due to enlarging air sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does the cranial base grow?

A

Synchondroses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

At what age is the lateral growth of the cranial base completed by?

A

3 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

At what age does the sphenoethmoidal Synchondroses fuse?

A

6-7 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

At what age does growth cease at the sphenoid-occipital Synchondroses and what age does it fuse?

A

12-15 years
20 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What direction does the maxilla grow?

A

Downward and forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does maxillary growth occur?

A

At sutures between maxilla and skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does surface deposition occur in maxillary growth?

A

Posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does surface resorption occur in maxillary growth?

A

Anteriorly and inferiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What direction does the mandible grow in?

A

Downwards and forwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does mandibular growth occur?

A

Condylar cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does surface resorption occur in mandibular growth?

A

Anteriorly and lingually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does surface deposition occur in mandibular growth?

A

Posteriorly and laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When do the mandible and maxilla grow in width in males and females?

A

Before pubertal growth spurt: 9-10 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When do the mandible and maxilla grow in length in males and females?

A

Throughout puberty:
Males- 18 years
Females- 14-15 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When does vertical growth of the mandible and maxilla end in males and females?

A

Males: 20s
Females: 17-18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 4 predictors of pubertal growth spurt?

A

Chronological age
Secondary sexual characteristics
Hand-wrist radiographs
Cervical vertebral maturation (CVM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is CVM 1-6?

A

CS1/2; growth approaching
CS3; peak growth in 1 years
CS4; peak growth past
CS5/6; peak growth ended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do forward growth rotations lead to?

A

A short face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What do downwards and backwards growth rotations lead to?
A long face
26
In a lat cephalogram what do the following mean? S N A B ANS PNS Pog M Go Po Or Ba
S; Sella N; Nasion A; A point B; B point ANS; Anterior Nasal Spine PNS; Posterior Nasal Spine Pog; Pogonion M; Mentón Go; Gonion Po; Ponion Or; Orbital Ba; Basion
27
In a lat cephalogram what do the following mean? S N A B ANS PNS Pog M Go Po Or Ba
S; Sella N; Nasion A; A point B; B point ANS; Anterior Nasal Spine PNS; Posterior Nasal Spine Pog; Pogonion M; Mentón Go; Gonion Po; Ponion Or; Orbital Ba; Basion
28
When is full masticatory function developed?
2 years
29
What is the language development stage at 1 year?
Understands 20 words/simple phrases Uses 2-3 words
30
What is the language development stage at 2 years?
Understands simple commands/ questions Uses 100 words
31
What is the language development stage at 3 years?
Understands prepositions, object function, simple conversation Uses 4 word sentences
32
What is the language development stage at 4 years?
Understands colours, numbers, tenses Uses long grammatical sentences
33
What is the periodontium?
Tissues that surround and support the teeth
34
What is the role of the periodontium?
Retain teeth in sockets Resist masticatory loads Defensive barrier
35
What does cementum do?
Covers root dentine Provides attachment for some periodontal fibres
36
In what ways is cementum similar to bone?
Collagen matrix Lamellar arrangement
37
What are the two types of cementum?
Cellular and Acellular
38
What is cementum laid down by?
Cementocytes
39
What are the features of cellular cementum?
Contains cementocytes Secondary formed Found on apical root and furcation regions
40
What are the features of acellular cementum?
No cells within Adjacent to dentine Primary formed
41
What is the alternative classification of cementum?
Acellular Extrinsic Fibre Cementum Cellular Intrinsic Fibre Cementum
42
What are the features of acellular extrinsic fibre cementum?
Contain's Sharpey's fibres Cervical 2/3 root
43
What are the features of cellular intrinsic fibre cementum?
No Sharpeys fibres Contains collagen fibres No role in tooth attachment
44
What are the features of alveolar bone?
Similar to bone Cortical plate forms inner lining of tooth socket Provides attachment (Sharpey's fibres) Penetrated by nutrient canals (Volksmann) Inner cancellous bone containing marrow
45
What is the role of the periodontal ligament?
Attaches tooth to jaw Transmits biting forces to alveolar bone Organised connective tissue 0.2mm thick
46
What does the periodontal ligament contain?
Cells Extracellular matrix Fibres Nerves Blood vessels
47
What cells are found in the periodontal ligament?
Fibroblasts Cementoblasts Osteoclasts Cementoclasts Epithelial cells Defence cells
48
What does the ECM in the periodontal ligament contain?
Hyaluronate GAGs Glycoproteins (fibronectin) Proteoglycans (proteodermatan sulfate, chondroitin/dermatan SO4 hybrid)
49
What fibres are found in the periodontal ligament?
True Gingival
50
What do true fibres do?
Connect tooth to bone at/apical to alveolar crest
51
What do gingival fibres do?
Fibres found above the alveolar crest
52
What nerves are found in the periodontal ligament?
Sensory: mechanoreceptors (Ab and Af) Nociception: (Af and C) Autonomic: blood vessel control
53
What blood vessels are found in the periodontal ligament?
Inferior and superior alveolar arteries Lingual and palatine arteries
54
What is the role of collagen in the pdl?
Principal fibres Support tooth Bear load
55
What is oxytalan?
Found in the pdl Role unknown
56
What are the Alveolo-dental fibres?
Alveolar crest Horizontal Oblique Apical Interradicular (multi-rooted)
57
What are the interdental fibres?
Transeptal
58
What are the gingival fibres?
Dento-gingival Alveolo-gingival Dental-periosteal Circular
59
What does the junctional epithelium contain?
Basal lamina Hemidesmosomes Lamina propria
60
What is the interdental col?
Dekeratinised tissue between teeth
61
What are the stages of feeding?
Ingestion Stage 1 transport Mastication Stage 2 transport Swallowing
62
What is ingestion? (feeding)
Movement of food from external to internal environment Accomplished by biting and oral seal
63
What is stage 1 transport? (feeding)
Food is gathered on the tip of the tongue and transported posteriorly to the posterior teeth
64
What is mastication? (feeding)
Bolus is broken down by mechanical mastication with posterior teeth and chemical means via saliva
65
What is stage 2 transport in solids? (feeding)
Bolus is propelled into the oropharynx via the squeeze back mechanism Solids move through through fauces to pharyngeal surface of tongue
66
What is swallowing? (feeding)
Epiglottis covers trachea, respiration pauses as food enters the oesophagus
67
What is stage 2 transport in liquids? (feeding)
Bolus is propelled into the oropharynx via the squeeze back mechanism Oral seal holds liquids at the pillar of fauces
68
What are the features of peritubular (intratubulat) dentine?
Highly mineralised No collagenous fibres
69
What are the features of intertubular dentine?
Less mineralised Collagenous
70
What is dentine?
Hydroxyapatite crystals in a collagenous scaffold
71
What are tomes fibres?
Cytoplasmic process of odontoblasts
72
What is the difference between coronal dentine and dentine near to the root?
Coronal dentine is more permeable
73
What is the hydrodynamic theory?
Pain transmission through fluid movement through dentinal tubules activates mechanoreceptors
74
What is the difference between infected and affected dentine?
Infected is contaminated Affected is softened/demineralised
75
What are the stages in the formation of enamel and dentine?
Cells of the dental papilla adjacent to the IEE differentiate into odontoblasts Odontoblasts secrete dentine matrix which is later mineralised Predentine formation causes cells of the IEE to elongate and differentiate into ameloblasts Ameloblasts secrete enamel matrix (30% min) Organic component removed and mineralisation occurs
76
What is the lung covered by?
Pleura
77
What are the contents of the pulp?
Cells Nerves Blood vessels Vital tissue
78
What cells does the pulp contain?
Odontoblasts
79
What nerves does the pulp contain?
Plexus of Raschkow: alpha fibres, C fibres
80
What is the role of vital tissue in pulp?
Responds to stimuli Regenerative potential
81
What are the functions of pulp?
Nutritive Sensory Protective Formative
82
What are the sensory functions of pulp?
Temperature Pressure Pain
83
What are the protective functions of pulp?
Tertiary dentine formation
84
What are the formative functions of pulp?
Secondary dentine formation
85
What are the causes of pulpal injuries?
Caries Dentine dehydration Restorations (materials/etch) Toothier Orthodontic treatment Cutting odontoblast processes Direct injury Cavity/crown prep Radiation therapy Periodontal pathology Trauma
86
What happens to dentine tubules as they approach the pulp?
Increase in number and diameter
87
What are the features of alpha fibres in the pulp?
Myelinated Sharp pain Stimulated by EPT
88
What are the features of C fibres in the pulp?
Unmyelinated Dull, aching pain Stimulated by increased pulpal blood flow and increased pulpal pressure

Finals (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions