Pharmacology Flashcards
What are the modes of drug delivery?
Topical
Systemic
Parenteral
Transdermal
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intravenous
Transmucosal
What are the hazards of drug administration?
Allergy
Drug-drug interactions
Acute toxic reactions
Prescribing errors
What are the four modes of drug administration?
Receptor Activation/Blockage
Enzyme Activation/Blockage
Ion Channel Opening/Blockage
Transport System Facilitation/Blockage
What are the four types of drug?
Agonists
Partial Agonists
Competitive antagonist
Non competitive antagonist
How do agonist drugs work?
They bind the receptor
How do competitive antagonists work?
Binds to same site as agonist but does not activate it
How do non-competitive antagonists works?
Bind allosteric site of receptor
What is the definition of pharmacokinetics?
What the drug does to the body
What does ADMET stand for?
Administration
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Toxicity
What is the definition of pharmacodynamics?
What the drug does to the body
What is the definition of bioavailability?
The amount of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation
What are the advantages of oral drug administration?
Social acceptance
Drug formulation adjustments
Self medications
What are the disadvantages of oral drug administration?
Slow onset
Variable absorption
First pass metabolism
What are the advantages of IV/IM drug administration?
Rapid onset
Predictable plasma levels
No first pass metabolism
What are the disadvantages of IV/IM drug administration?
Severe allergic reactions
Short action duration
Access difficulties
Expensive
What are the advantages of transdermal/subcutaneous drug administration?
No first pass metabolism
Localised allergic reactions
Prolonged action
Self medication
What are the disadvantages of transdermal/subcutaneous drug administration?
Slow onset
Expensive
Variable effects
What is first pass metabolism?
Where part of the drug is metabolised in the liver
What is drug distribution dependent on?
Blood flow
Vessel wall barrier
Active secretion to tissue
What is one compartment drug distribution?
Drug is evenly distributed throughout body
What is two compartment drug distribution?
Drug in equilibrum with different tissues
Where does drug metabolism occur?
In the liver and plasma
What is the definition of plasma half life?
The time taken to eliminate half of the drug
What is first order kinetics?
Drug metabolism increases as drug concentration increases
What is zero order kinetics?
Drug metabolism is at a fixed rate regardless of concentration
What is the end result of zero order kinetics?
Drug accumulation
What is the % of articane?
4%
What is the % of lidocaine?
2%
What is the max dose of articaine?
7mg/kg
What is the max dose of lidocaine?
4.4mg/kg
What are examples of drug interactions in dentistry?
NSAIDS; inhibit renal excretion of lithium (lithium toxicity)
Metronidazole; inhibits warfarin metabolism
Propranolol and beta blockers: inhibits vasodilation effect of adrenaline in LA leading to hypertensive reactions
What is bioavailability?
Amount of drug which enters into the systemic circulation
What is the impact of NSAIDs on kidney disease?
NSAIDs inhibit COX which leads to decreased blood flow to the kidneys which leads to chronic damage and direct toxicity to the kidney
NSAIDs interfere with the renin angiotensin system
