Medications Flashcards by Natasha Jim

What does warfarin target?

Vitamin k dependent clotting factors 2, 7, 9, 10, protein s and protein c

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What is the initial effect of warfarin?

Hypercoagulation

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What does desmopressin do?

Releases factor VII bound to endothelial cells resulting in a temporary boost to factor VII levels

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Why is desmopressin only effective every few weeks?

Factor VII needs to build up in the endothelial wall

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How does transaeximic acid work?

Inhibits fibrinolysis
Decreases bleeding by stopping clot breakdown

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What is the maximum dose of paracetamol?

0.5-1g every 4-6 weeks
Max 4g per day

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What is the maximum dose of ibuprofen?

400mg tablet 4x per day
Max 2.4g per day

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What is the maximum dose of aspirin?

300mg tablet (x2) 4x a day
Max 4g per day

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What is the maximum dose of dihydrocodeine?

30mg every 4-6 hours

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What is the maximum dose of carbamazepine?

200mg 3-4 times a day
Up to 1.6g

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What is the maximum dose of diclofenac?

15ml rinse 2-3x day for 7 days

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What medications can be used to treat NUG/NUP?

Metronidazole
6% H2O2
0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash

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When is chlorhexidine used?

Post surgery
Disabled patients
Immunocompromised
RCT irritant

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What are the side effects of chlorhexidine?

Decreased GI absorption
Staining
Taste disturbance

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What are the side effects of chemotherapy?

Hair loss
Fatigue
Nausea
Weakness

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What are the side effects of radiotherapy?

ORN
Mucositis
Burns
Radiation caries

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What is apixaban?

Direct Oral Anticoagulant

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What is apixaban used for?

Deep Vein Thrombosis
Pulmonary Embolism
Stroke
Non-vascular atrial fibrillation

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How long does warfarin take to work?

48-72 hours

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What its the mode of action of dabigatran?

Reversible inhibitor of free thrombin, fibrin bound thrombin and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation

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What is the mode of action of apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxiban?

Factor Xa inhibitors
Prevent thrombin generation and thrombus development

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What is simvastatin?

HMG CoA reductase inhibitors used to treat hypercholesteroemia

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What is furosemide?

Loop diuretic

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What is furosemide used for?

Controls hypertension

What is a risk with furosemide?

Risk of exacerbating diabetes

What is carvedilol?

Beta blocker

What is carvedilol used for?

Hypertension management

What is the effect of metformin?

Anti-hyperglycaemic effect

What is a side effect of metformin?

Can reduce vitamin B12 levels: leads to vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia

What is the mode of action of dapagliflozin?

Reversibly inhibits sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) in the renal proximal convoluted tubule to reduce glucose reabsorption and increase urinary excretion

What is the mode of action of sulfonulurea?

Augments insulin secretion Only effective when there is residual pancreatic beta-cell activity

What is the triple therapy option for diabetes?

Metformin Dapagliflozin Sulfonulurea

When is miconazole contraindicated?

Warfarin Statins

What are the original tricyclic antidepressants?

Amitriptyline Nortriptyline Dosulepin

What are the new tricyclic antidepressants?

Imipramine Doxepin

What are the side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?

Dry mouth Sedation Weight gain

What are the cautions with tricyclic antidepressants?

Glaucoma Prostatism

What are examples of selective serotine reuptake inhibitors?

Fluoxetine Paroxetine Fluoroxamine Cetalopram Setraline

What are the side effects of selective serotine reuptake inhibitors?

Acute anxiety TCA symptoms Gastrointestinal upset

What are examples of monoamine oxidase inhibitors?

Phenelzine Isocaboxazid Selegeline

What interactions can monoamine oxidase reuptake inhibitors have with indirect acting sympathomimetic amines?

Enhanced vasoconstrictor effect Cough and cold remedies

Which foodstuffs can monoamine oxidase reuptake inhibitors interact with?

Tyramine containing Alcohol Bovril/oxo/marmite/cheese

What is venlafaxine?

Mixed SRI/NRI

What is mirtazapine?

Complex 5HT actions Presynaptic alpha2 antagonist

What is nefazadone

SSRI 5HT blockade

What is reboxetine?

SNRI

What drugs are used to treat bipolar disorder?

Lithium (mood stabiliser) Carbamazepine/Lamotrigine/Valproate (mood stabiliser) Antipsychotic medicines- aririprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone (mania treatment)

What should be avoided when taking lithium?

NSAIDs Metronidazole

What are the dental effects of antidepressants?

Xerostomia Caries Sedation Facial dyskinesias (twitching)

What are examples of anti-psychotic drugs?

Butryrophenones Phenothiazines Thioxanthenes New atypical antipsychotics

What are examples of butryophenones?

Haloperidol Droperidol

What are examples of phenothiazines?

Chlorpromazine Thioridazine

What are examples of thioxanthenes?

Flupenthixol Zuclopenthixol

What are examples of new atypical antipsychotics?

Sulphide Respiridone Clozapine Quetiapire

What are the extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotics?

Akathisia (feeling of restlessness) Dystonia (involuntary muscle contraction) Parkinsonism (tremor, slowed thought/movement, rigid muscle) Tardive dyskinesia (uncontrolled facial movement)

What are examples of anticholinergics?

Procyclidine Benzotropine Diphenhydramine Pramipexole

Which medications cause gingival hyperplasia?

Calcium channel blockers Phenytoin Cyclosporin

What is adalimumab?

Anti TNF mAb

What is ustekinumab?

Anti IL21/23

What is vedolizumab?

Anti-a4b7

What are GLP-1s?

Glucagon-like peptide Mimics incretin (increases insulin sensitivity and decreases glucose)

What do DDP-4 inhibitors do?

Inhibit DDP-4 which inactivates incretin

What do therapeutic steroids do?

Increase salt and water retention Increase BP Immunosuppression

What is the factor for prednisolone?

4:1

What is the factor for becamethasone?

30:1

What is the factor for dexamethasone?

25:1

What is the factor for hydrocortisone?

1:1

What do calcium channel blockers do?

Block calcium channels to reduce muscle excitability Used to treat hypertension May cause gingival hyperplasia

What do nifedipine and amlodipine do?

Relaxation and vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels

What does verapamil do?

Slows conduction of passing impulses in heart

What is the triple therapy for CF?

2 correctors and one potentiator Iracaftor, Tezacaftor and elaxacaftor

What is the role of aspirin?

Antiplatelet drug Inhibits platelet aggregation by altering the balance between thromboxane A2 and cyclin

What is the role of heparin?

Anti-thrombin Activates anti-thrombin III to prevent fibrin plug formation

What is frusemide?

Loop diuretic

What is bendroflumethiazide?

Thiazide diuretic

What do nitrates do?

Dilate veins

What are examples of nitrates?

Glycerol Trinitraide Isosorbide mononitrate

What is the triple therapy for h.pylori

2 antibiotics (amoxycillin and metronidazole) Proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole)