Spec topic 5 Flashcards
Give 4 factors contributing to the human development of a country:
-> economic – income, economic growth, types of industry, cost
of living and employment rates.
-> social – access to healthcare, education, housing, leisure
and recreation
-> cultural – democracy and work-life balance
-> technological – internet access, mechanisation and
electricity
-> food and water security – physical and economic access to
food and water.
HDI is a score out of _._calculated for each country based on l___ expectancy, years in
e________ and i_____.
HDI is a score out of 1.0 calculated for each
country based on life expectancy, years in education and income.
Why is using a HDI as a measure of development more reliable?
It takes into account many things (eg. health and education not just wealth).
What is the difference between GDP and GDP per Capita?
GDP - Total value of goods and services produced within a country per year.
GDP per Capita - GDP divided by total population
Development can be measured using economic indicators (for
example, G_____ D_______ P______ (GDP)), s_____ indicators (for example, life expectancy) and p________ indicators (for example, the Corruption Perception Index).
Gross Domestic Product
social
political
Globally, development is u_____. Levels of development tend to be
h_____ in the northern hemisphere and Australia (above the Brandt
Line), and l_____ on the continents of South America and Africa (below the Brandt Line).
uneven
higher
lower
Levels of development v___ within the UK. In the South East and
London, wages and standards of living are generally higher than the
rest of the UK. However, even London has a homeless population.
vary
3 types of factors affecting levels of
development globally include:
- physical factors – availability of natural resources, natural hazards, landlocked, climate
- historical factors – colonial links and trading relationships
- economic factors – type of economy and debt
- social factors – investment in health and
3 types of factors affecting levels of
development in the UK include:
- physical factors – remoteness or accessibility and industrial potential
- historical factors – impacts of
deindustrialisation - economic factors – employment rates and salaries, house prices and
infrastructure.
Give 3 consequences of uneven development.
- Health – Healthcare is limited in the developed world where there are fewer doctors per person and poor facilities.
- Education – Not all children attend school, which leads to lower literacy rates, earlier marriage and larger families.
- Employment – Wages in developing countries are lower and more labour intensive – many jobs exist in the informal sector (for example, street stalls).
- Food and water security – A lack of clean water means that people struggle to grow food, leading to malnutrition and dehydration.
- Housing – Many people in the developing world cannot afford housing and are forced to live in unplanned settlements where a lack of sanitation causes diseases to spread.
- Technology – Few people have the skills to use technology so appropriate technology can be more effective.
International aid is one strategy to reduce uneven development. It involves…
one country voluntarily providing resources to another, such
as machinery or oil, or money to invest in infrastructure and industry.
Trade agreements, such as removing tariffs (tax barriers), can
reduce uneven development by…
…helping countries increase trade.
F___ T_____ producers work more directly with retailers, getting a
better price for their goods.
Fair Trade
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is when a company (Transnational
Corporation (TNC)) invests in…
another country, potentially pushing
up wages and bringing in investment to the developing country.
Give a disadvantage of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment):
The big brands can outsell local produce and there is often
a lack of regulation.
Top-down development involves government and TNCs.
These large-scale projects are
e_______ and require
e________.
expensive
expertise
Bottom-up development involves NGOs working with communities. These are local-scale projects, c____ and appropriate to the n____ of local people.
cheap
needs
Top-down development
*PRO and a CON)
Positively -> they open investment and can benefit large numbers of
people.
Negatively -> local people may not benefit and TNC wages are often low.
Bottom-up development
*PRO and a CON)
Positively -> they target specific needs of local people, such as a wells providing clean water.
Negatively -> development is slow and small-scale, and reliant on NGO support and solutions.
India is in the n_______ hemisphere and is found on the continent of
A___. It is one of the largest countries in the world with a huge
coastline on the Indian Ocean. It shares borders with B_________,
Burma, Bhutan, Nepal, and Pakistan.
northern
Asia
Bangladesh
India is the ______ most populated country in the world.
second
Development is uneven across India. It has developed a core (more
economically advanced) and a p________ (lower levels of
development).
Development is uneven across India. It has developed a core eg. Goa (more
economically advanced) and a periphery eg. Bihar (lower levels of
development).
Since India gained its independence in 1947 and since a shift in
policy since the 1980s encouraging FDI, there have been significant
changes in its e_______ sectors.
economic
Changes to India’s t______ policy have led to a rapid rise in imports
and exports. India’s key imports are o__, gold, silver, and electrical
goods. India’s key exports are oil p_______, gems and jewellery.
As India has developed, international a__ has d________. It now sends
aid to poorer countries such as N____.
trading
oil
products
aid
decreased
Nepal
P____c investment = The public sector is very b__ in India. It
i_____ in education, healthcare, transport and housing reducing the
gap between public and private sectors.
Public
big
invests
P_____e investment – TNCs are key to India’s economic d_________t.
Private
development
Give 2 ways the population structure of India has changed due to increased population (eg. 1.3 billion in 2015):
-> a smaller proportion of people under 15 because the infant mortality rate has fallen so as a result birth rate has declined.
-> a large proportion of people between 15 and 64.
-> more people over the age of 65+ as life expectancy has improved.
Give 2 changing social factors of India:
-> increased inequality – a widening gap between the rich and poor, and women continue to have a lower social status.
-> improved education – greater investment in school has allowed the literacy rate to improve.
-> a growing middle-class – improved literacy rates and urbanisation has led to a rise of the middle class and a growing consumer market.
Geopolitics is the impact of a country’s…
…human and physical geography on its international politics and relations.
Give 2 impacts of India’s relationships:
Foreign policy – India is building links with France and Canada to encourage defence, energy and infrastructure.
Defence – India is building links
with the USA to provide warships
and planes for assistance and
disaster relief.
Military pacts – India is building links with Russia to supply them with missiles and jets.
Territorial disputes – India is in
dispute with China. Dams limit each other’s water supply.
India’s technology has expanded r______ with its own ICT industry
and huge w_______ network. However, there is a digital d_____
between the c___ (urban) and p________ (rural).
rapidly
wireless
divide
core
periphery
Give 2 positive impact of rapid development India :
PROS
* Potential to invest in renewables.
* Better jobs, income and healthcare
* Younger men benefit from jobs
* Larger workforce, stronger economy
* Increase in tourism – jobs and income
Give 2 negative impacts of rapid development in India:
CONS
* Deforestation and desertification
* Increased CO₂ emissions
* Lack of housing – shanty towns
* Cost of new infrastructure
How is India improving the environment?
India has agreed to invest in renewable energy such as solar power, and plant more forest to absorb carbon emissions. India is also a member of the G20, having a greater influence in global politics.
