Paper 3 Section C Flashcards
UK Population
2016 – __.6 million
2024 – __.8 million
2030 – __.7 million
2040 – __.9 million
2016 – 65.6 million
2024 – 67.8 million
2030 – 71.7 million
2040 – 74.9 million
What does a growing population mean? Give 4
More resources eg. wood
More food
More water
More energy
More houses
More services eg. hospitals & schools
How does a growing UK population impact people and the environment? Give 4
Increased urbanisation (urban sprawl) 🡪 loss of greenfield sites/risk of flooding
Loss of habitat (decrease in biodiversity)
Deforestation 🡪 loss of habitats/increased erosion/risk of flooding/↑ CO2
Increased pollution of air, land and water
Loss of farmland (housing)
Pressure on ecosystems (over exploitation)
More houses build on flood plains (20% of new homes) 🡪 increased risk
of flooding
Increased water scarcity (drought)
Increase in greenhouse gases (GHG’S) 🡪 worsening climate change
As the UK population continues to grow rapidly, it will place further p________ on housing and the
environment.
UK population growth is due to a combination of rising l___ expectancy, a relatively high b____ rate and high n__ immigration.
pressures
life
birth
net
What is immigration?
Immigration is the process of moving to a new country or region with the intention of staying and living there.
Pressure on ecosystems comes from: Give 3
- building on greenfield sites
- the destruction of natural habitats and declining biodiversity
- pressure on water supply and quality
- increased food production intensifying agricultural practices.
A growing population exerts ever increasing p_______ on the e_________ and their goods and services.
D_____ for food, w____, energy and housing can affect the f______ of ecosystems and their biodiversity.
pressure
ecosystem
Demand
water
function
Why are UK ecosystems impacted by population pressure to different degrees and in different ways? Give 2
Local population pressure
Suitability of the ecosystem
Some are better managed than others.
Some are better protected by laws
What impact would the use of fertilisers and pesticides have on ecosystems?
Fertilisers - Impact on aquatic ecosystems through run-off 🡪 Eutrophication
Pesticides – Change the diversity of species. Bee population in decline - a primary pollinator - 30% crops +
90% of wild flowering species.
What might increase the yield of wheat in the UK?
Chemicals and new technology have helped increase the yield.
What are 2 impacts of increased food demand on ecosystems?
Overgrazing in upland areas
Draining of wetlands to create more farmland
Clearing of woodlands
New s____ and w___ farms will place pressure on UK ecosystems,
particularly in u_____ areas and the
m_____ ecosystems.
The UK Government has said that
new g__ f____ power stations need to be built to replace o__ power stations which need to be retired.
solar
wind
upland
marine
gas fired
old
Give 3 ways Climate Change can also impact on Ecosystems in the UK?
1) Milder winters/more storms
2) Increased risk of drought
3) Increased risk of fire
4) Change in species
Changes in l___ use and environmental pressures have led to d_______ in the number of species.
Increasing the production of food w_____ safeguarding ecosystems is a major c________.
land
declines
whilst
challenge
How Can the UK Reduce the Impact of an Increased Population on Resources and Ecosystems? Give 4
1) ‘Buffer zones’ around fields that are left to nature. Help absorb excess runoff from fields.
Provide valuable habitat insects, birds and mammals.
2) Move to more organic agricultural methods. Reduce use of pesticides and fertilisers.
3) Nature corridors to connect wild areas.
4) Stricter regulation on the use of chemicals.
5) Reduce food waste- wonky veg!
6) Building higher density and using brownfield sites so greenfield sites could be used for farming
and habitats
7) Choose alternative sustainable energy sources to meet increased demand and reduce GHG
emissions
8) Find new water sources and reduce water wastage and leaks to boost domestic water sources
9) Manage river catchments to reduce flooding risk/impact
What does sustainable transport mean?
This involves maintaining the standard of transport that is required for society and the economy without
placing too much pressure on the environment.
Cambridge and London sustainable transport:
Cambridge – Park and Ride, Cycles and Car Sharing
London – Congestion Charge, Santander Cycles
Give 4 Sustainable Transport Schemes:
Car sharing
Cycle hire
Congestion charging
Lanes for 2 or more people
Traffic flow lanes
Cycle lanes
Bus lanes
Public Transport eg. trams
Talk about London sustainable transport in more detail:
1) In 2003, London introduced the congestion charge, designed to reduce the amount of traffic in central London during certain times of the day. It would reduce congestion and pollution. The money collected is used to improve London’s Transport System.
2) Congestion Charge (CC): Operates 07:00-18:00 Monday Friday, 12:00-18:00 Saturday-Sunday and bank holidays. No charge between Christmas Day and New Year’s Day bank holiday (inclusive)
3) By 2019, it had the following benefits:
-> Traffic reduced by 39%
-> 65,000 fewer car journeys a day
-> Increase in bus passengers
-> Increase in cycle journeys
-> 12% less nitrous oxide
4) London also has Santander Cycles – public bike hire scheme - costs £2 for unlimited journeys up to 30 minutes, within a 24 hour period. For journeys longer than 30 minutes, you pay £2 for each additional 30 minutes.
-> In 2014 32 million bike journeys made
-> Cycling increased 400% by 2025.
5) Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ): Operates 24 hours a day, every day of the year, except Christmas Day (25 December)
6) Low Emission Zone (LEZ): Operates 24 hours a day, every day of the year.
The daily Congestion Charge in London is now:
- £15 if paid in advance or on
the day of travel - £17.50 if paid by midnight of
the third day after travel
Park and ride schemes allow…
… shoppers to park their cars in a parking area on the edge of the urban area and catch the bus into the town centre.
They help reduce congestion and pollution in the town.
Park and Ride 2 points:
- Cambridge has 5 park and ride sites covering all the main routes coming into the city centre.
- There are 4,500 spaces available at Cambridge’s 5 park and ride sites. Double decker buses carry up to 70 passengers and leave the parks every 10 minutes during the day from Monday to Sunday.
- The Madingley and Trumpington Road park and ride sites in Cambridge are next to the M11. The Milton and Newmarket Road sites are close to the A14, giving easy access for motorists driving into Cambridge from the area.
- The park and ride sites in Cambridge are well lit and have security systems operating during opening hours. There are waiting rooms, toilets and baby changing facilities.
Describe the Car Sharing scheme in London:
Anyone who lives or works in Cambridgeshire can sign up. Enter journey details and a commuter is matched with people travelling the same route.
What is the Two Speed Economy?
This refers to the idea that economic growth within the UK is not uniform.
The south east of England has higher and faster economic growth which leads to better social and economic opportunities, better quality of life and improved health outcomes.
Possible solutions to closing the gap is to…
improve the mobility of people and goods e.g.
HS2 rail link (CLICK ME)
Improved regional airports
Improved travel links between northern cities
Other solutions include moving key government departments out of London and increased funding to poorest regions
What is a Greenfield site?
An area on the edge of the city, which has never been developed in any way.
What are 3 advantages to Greenfield sites?
-> Large housing can usually be built on the site
-> Reduces the congestion within the city
-> New sites are easier, cheaper and
quicker to build on
-> Layout not restricted by previous
development so can be made efficient and pleasant
-> Cheaper land as further from city
-> Appealing environment
What are 3 disadvantages of Greenfield sites?
-> Need to build infrastructure in the area e.g. new roads, gas and water
-> Wildlife may suffer
-> Change the area from rural to urban losing farm or recreational land
-> Lots of people will not like it and they will protest
-> Usually harder to get planning
permission
-> People may not want to live away from the city – generates more traffic
What is a Brownfield site?
An area within a city which is no longer used. It may contain old factories or housing.
What are 3 advantages of Brownfield sites?
-> Can improve the local environment
-> Infrastructure is already available
-> New employment opportunities for
people in the city
-> City does not want the city centre to decay – helps revive old urban areas
-> Better transport is already available
-> Can improve facilities for local people e.g. shops and cinema
-> Reduces loss of countryside
-> Reduces commuting as workplaces
nearby
What are 3 disadvantages of Brownfield sites?
-> Often the land is contaminated
-> Land costs are high and development of land more expensive
-> House prices can become too
expensive for local people
-> Local people can be pushed away from the area
-> Can be surrounded by rundown areas which may put people off living there
What is net migration?
The difference between the number of people coming into a country and the number of people leaving.
What is immigration?
Moving into a country
What is emigration?
Moving out of a country
Most migrants are of working age with the majority in the __-__ age range.
15-44
Give 5 Values and attitudes of different stakeholders towards migration:
They take our jobs
They help the economy grow
They bring new skills to the country
They use our health care services
They take up places in our schools
They help create a multi-cultural society
Younger migrants will help balance our ageing society
They are prepared to do jobs that British workers will not
It cost a lot of money to pay for translators
There is no typical migrant job. However, they include a wide
spread of different areas:
-> Low paid manual is one of the biggest employers- agricultural work for example is very labour intensive.
-> Service sector jobs: catering and hotel sectors have a lot of zero hour contract jobs.
-> Trade jobs: skilled plumbers / builders.
-> Health Care – lots of nurses and doctors are migrants. Also care staff
-> Property: Investors, football club owners!
What are National Parks?
-> National Parks are protected areas of natural beauty. They were first established in 1949 and The South Downs became the most recent NP in 2010.
The areas include mountains, moorland, heathland, woodland and coasts.
-> National Parks are not theme parks – they are not fenced off and people live and work in them.
-> Each National Park is managed by a National Park Authority (NPA), which works to balance the needs of the landscape, the residents and the visitors.
How many National Parks in the UK?
There are 15 National Parks in the UK and each one has been designated as a protected
landscape because of its special qualities.
England, Wales and Scotland are looking to create new National Parks.
Give 1 National Park in England, Wales, and Scotland:
England: Dartmoor, Exmoor, New Forest, South Downs, Peak District, Yorkshire Dales, North York Moors, Lake District, Northumberland
Wales: Brecon Beacons, Pembrokeshire Coast, Snowdonia
Scotland : The Caingorms, Loch Lomand & The Trossachs
