Spec topic 4 Flashcards
More than ____ of the world’s population now lives in ______ and
______ as a result of _____________.
More than half of the world’s population now lives in towns and
cities as a result of urbanisation.
Since 1950, urbanisation has
occurred at different _____ and in different ways in developed,
emerging, and developing countries.
rates
In emerging and developing countries, recent rapid urbanisation
has been caused by: Give 2
-> Rural to urban migration – people move from rural areas
for a better quality of life
-> Natural increase – birth rates in the countries are higher
than death rates caused by improvements in healthcare.
In developed countries, the main cause of urbanisation is _______________.
industrialisation
Population growth in developed
countries mostly took place
after the 19th Century at the time
of a__________ and i_________
r_________.
In developing and emerging
countries, most growth has taken
place since 1950 and has
happened much f_____ than
developed countries.
Population growth in developed
countries mostly took place
after the 19th Century at the time
of agricultural and industrial revolution.
In developing and emerging
countries, most growth has taken
place since 1950 and has
happened much faster than
developed countries.
In the UK in the 1800s and 1900s, the mechanisation of f______ and the rise of f________ meant that
people moved from _____ areas to ______.
In the UK in the 1800s and 1900s, the mechanisation of farming and the rise of factories meant that
people moved from rural areas to cities.
Give 3 effects of urbanisation:
-> Air, noise, and water pollution are increasing.
-> Investment increases, leading to more economic opportunities (jobs).
-> In developing countries, spontaneous, unplanned settlements often develop.
-> In developing and emerging economies, the gap between the rich and poor often widens.
The population distribution in the UK is un____. Generally, it is
lower in the n____ and higher in the s____. Important urban areas
have the highest population d______, with London having the highest in the UK. Other major cities such as Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool also have h___ population densities.
The population distribution in the UK is uneven. Generally, it is
lower in the north and higher in the south. Important urban areas
have the highest population densities, with London having the highest in the UK. Other major cities such as Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool also have high population densities.
Population density varies between different regions in the UK for
several reasons. Name 2.
-> There tends to be a lower population density in the north as there are fewer cities owing to higher relief (mountains).
-> Population density is also lower where the climate makes living more difficult, such as northern Scotland.
-> Higher urban populations tend to be located around ports. London and Liverpool are both densely populated because of their historic ports, which provided jobs in the shipping industry.
Give the site of Cardiff:
The Romans built a fortified settlement on the banks of the River Taff and based a fleet there in order to patrol and protect the Severn estuary and the western sea lanes.
Give 2 for the situation of Cardiff:
South of M4.
Newport to North-East.
Breckon Beacons to the North.
Across Bristol channel from Bristol.
Glouchester is North-East
Give 2 for the connectivity of Cardiff to the rest of the UK:
-> The new Cardiff Capital System will consist of Trains, Trams and Bus.
-> Cardiff Airport is located 12 miles west of Cardiff’s city centre.
-> Cardiff has a port that is linked to the railway network.
-> Cardiff is located on the Swansea/London railway line.
Give 2 for the Cardiff environment:
-> Most of Cardiff is approx. 17m above sea level.
-> The two main rivers are the Taff and Ely.
-> Large parts of Cardiff are built on reclaimed marshland.
Why does Cardiff not fit the Burgess model?
It’s on the coast, so it cannot continue to expand in that south-east direction. It has become Cardiff Bay, and was used for coal transport.
Give 2 for the urbanisation of Cardiff: history
-> A canal was built in 1794 linked Merthyr and Cardiff and Cardiff docks were born. Iron and steel were transported down the valley initially by canal then by rail with the opening of the Taff Vale Railway in 1841.
Population in 1831 – under 10,000.
-> The building of the Bute West Dock in 1839 and Bute East Dock in 1859 allowed the growth of coal exports and Cardiff became the largest coal exporting port in the world.
1862 – 2 million tonnes of coal
1913 – 11 million tonnes of coal
Give 2 for Cardiff Suburbanisation:
-> Better public transport and more widespread car ownership meant that people could live further from their place of work.
-> The city began to spread outwards, in a process known as suburbanisation, as new housing was built in the suburbs. This process, also known as suburban
sprawl, filled in the spaces between the edge of the city and existing small villages such as Radyr and Whitchurch. These villages are now part of the urban area of Cardiff.
1 Counter-urbanisation of Cardiff (past)
-> In the 1970s and 1980s, people moved out of Cardiff to villages and small towns in the surrounding area. Cardiff lost population during the 1970s and 1980s. A lot of these people came from the inner city area.
-> Low income, racial prejudice and ageing housing stock lead to the Cardiff Bay area becoming a Zone of Discard (area that was once a part of the CBD but is now in decline and characterized by low-status shops and warehouses, and vacant property). People started moving out to the surrounding rural area.
Many people from Cardiff moved to Llantwit Major and the Vale of Glamorgan. Why?
Census data since 1961 shows a steady increase in the percentage of people employed in management and professional roles. These commuters chose Llantwit Major probably because of its:
-> Accessibility to Cardiff thanks to the A48 and M4.
-> Good range of services including schools, retailing, health and leisure.
-> Availability of new housing and renovated character properties.
-> Attractive townscape and local environment.
-> Llantwit Major is only 1 mile from the Glamorgan Heritage Coast (with its excellent 17-mile run of coastal footpaths and high quality cliff scenery is approximately 2 miles to the south). has many sites of historic interest.
Give 2 negative impacts of counter-urbanisation in Cardiff:
-> The people who leave the inner city tend to be qualified and skilled.
(filtering)? Decline in workforce.
-> Population decline means that the
city loses out on local taxation revenue e.g. council tax? less funds
for the key facilities
-> People left behind are usually
working class, semi skilled? This
leaves behind an untrained workforce
-> Inner city continues to decline as
people move out
-> The large numbers of commuters
travelling into Cardiff each day
causes traffic congestion, delays
& air pollution.
-> Rural villages become more
urbanised and lose their
character.
In the 1980s, the Government began to push policies for
inner city regeneration.
Give 1 for Cardiff Bay re-generation and 1 for examples:
-> Cardiff Bay was redeveloped to
create a complementary mix of
housing, open space, commerce,
leisure and industrial development.
-> An old warehouse in Cardiff converted into new flats.
-> A barrage was built which transformed the mud flats into a freshwater lake.
-> Spillers Building, Atlantic Wharf
converted into new flats.
Why did people move back to Cardiff? Give 1
In the 1990s, Cardiff’s population
started to grow after the decline
of the 1970s and 1980s. Cardiff
is the second fastest-growing
area of Wales.
-> Old inner city area is attractive with work, leisure and culture all nearby.
-> New job opportunities e.g. Senedd
-> New housing and apartments
-> Growth of tourism
-> Improvements in the CBD – integrating retail and leisure
Give 2 positive impacts of Cardiff Bay Re-urbanisation? SEE (Social, Economic, Environment)
Increase diversity
New housing
Tourism industry revenue
Barrage delivers electricity
Reduced Urban Sprawl – use of brownfield sites
Give 2 negative impacts of Cardiff Bay Re-urbanisation? SEE (Social, Economic, Environment)
-> Locals not able to access new
jobs due to lack of training.
-> Gentrification.
-> New housing & attractions too expensive for original inhabitants of the Bay.
-> New food & drink outlets take
trade away from local businesses – local pubs closed.
-> Loss of mudflats (SSSI) removed
feeding grounds for wading birds
-> Rising groundwater increased
risk of flooding
Give 1 national migration reason and 1 international migration for Cardiff:
National) Welsh capital, job opportunities, education, tourism, International) Refugees escaping conflict/ or to join family and friends.
