1A Flashcards
Define Urbanisation
The increase of people living in towns and cities, causing them to grow.
Define Suburbanisation
The growth of a town or city into the surrounding countryside
Define Deindustrialisation
The decline of industry in an area
Define Counter-urbanisation
The movement of people from the cities to countryside areas.
Define Re-urbanisation
The movement of people back into urban areas, usually after a city has been modernised/ redeveloped.
Where did urbanisation start?
Middle East
Which two countries have a population over 1 billion?
India and China
Name 3 countries with a population over 100 million:
Russia
Brazil
U.S.A.
Pakistan
Mexico
Bangladesh
Indonesia
Japan
Which continent has the biggest population?
Asia
What are the two causes of Urbanisation?
-> Natural Increase (more births than deaths)
-> Rural to Urban Migration (push and pull factors)
Give 3 push factors for urban growth:
Limited Education
Mechanisation in Farming
Lack of education
Environmental changes (eg. drought)
Lack of resources
Few job opportunties
Lack of healthcare
Lack of Investment
Give 3 pull factors for urban growth:
Better jobs
Better utilities
Better education
Hope of improved living standards
Better healthcare
“Bright lights” of the city
Higher wages
In 1950, which were the top 3 most populated cities?
- New York, USA
- London, UK
- Tokyo, Japan
In 2018, which were the top 3 most populated cities?
- Tokyo, Japan
- Dheli, India
- Shanghai, China
Define Megacity
Cities with a population over 10 million
Which were the only two megacities in 1950?
New York and Tokyo
Which content has the most megacities?
Asia
Give 2 positive effects of rapid urbanisation
Better education
Economic development
Give 2 negative effects of rapid urbanisation
Overcrowding
Pressure on services (transport, health, education)
Pollution
Increased housing prices
Define Population
Total number of people
Define Population Distribution
General pattern of where people live
Define Population Density
Total number of people per square mile or km of land
Describe the population distribution of the UK. Mention regions
Areas with lowest population distributions are quite mountainous.
Areas with highest population distributions are flatter land (London, Glasgow, Birmingham, Dublin, Cardiff, Edinborough etc.)
Give 2 reasons for dense populations
-> Services - easy access
-> Flat land - building, growing crops
-> Pleasant climate - good soil
-> Industry - better transport links
Give 2 reasons for sparse populations
-> Remote - far from services
-> Mountainous/ hilly land - building, growing crops
-> Rivers - flooding
Define Relief
The shape of the land (how flat or mountainous it is)
Give 2 physical factors impacting population density:
Relief
Water
Climate
Natural Resources
Soil
Vegetation
Give 2 human factors impacting population density:
Jobs
Transport
Hospitals
Education
Roads
Facilities
Housing
Define Location
Where the city is
Define Site
The land the city was originally built on
Define Situation
Where the city is compared to physical and human features around it
Name the 5 sections of the burgess Model from inner to outer :
CBD (Central Business District)
Inner City
Inner Suburbs
Outer Suburbs
Commuter Zone
Explain the CBD
City core.
Contains shops, offices, entertainment. Few Residential. High buildings.
Explain the Inner City
Mixed land use of small industries, small houses and offices.
Old industrial zone.
Often contains flats. Being redeveloped in developed countries.
Explain the Inner Suburbs
Housing dates 80-100 years.
Terraced houses with back yards. Often contains low income families.
Explain the Outer Suburbs
Semi-detatched houses. Council houses. Shopping parades. Out-of-town shops. Middle income families live here.
Explain Commuter Zone
Green belt around urban areas. Beyond it, small towns and village. High cost housing big gardens and space.
Give a limitation to the Burgess Model.
Rivers, lakes, conservation areas etc. need to be built around, and this can affect the plan of the burgess Land Use model.
Define top-down approaches
Government led
Larger scale
Define bottom-up approaches
Community led
Smaller scale
What is globalisation?
The process where countries, and therefore people, become increasingly interconnected through communication, transport, and trade.
What is containerisation?
Containerisation is the transportation of raw materials and goods in large containers. It is a cause of deindustrialisation because it is easier for businesses to relocate.
Give 2 reasons for deindustrialisation:
-> Natural resources become exhausted or more expensive
-> Businesses relocate abroad, often to developing or emerging (cheaper, less strict pollution/ health/ safety laws).
What is the result of suburbanisation for places like Radyr?
Suburban crawl - Radyr is now part of the urban area of Cardiff. ‘Swallowed up’ by urban crawl.
Give a social impact of deindustrialisation:
-> Loss of jobs + increase in unemployment
-> Drug use
-> Out migration of skilled workers
-> Less employment opportunities
-> Boarded up derilict/ unused buildings
Give an economic impact of deindustrialisation:
-> Fall in property prices
-> Lack of investment in the area
-> Businesses and services close or move to other areas.
Give an environmental impact of deindustrialisation:
-> Vandalism (eg. graffiti)
Cause of deindustrialisation in Cardiff:
Coal exports declined from the 1920s due to falling demand following the discovery of North Sea oil. The decline of the coal and steel industries in South Wales had a big impact on the docks.
Impact of deindustrialisation in Cardiff:
Tiger Bay became a neglected wasteland of derelict docks and mudflats with a quarter of buildings empty. The population faced social, economic, and environmental problems due to the coal and steel industries decline. Job losses led to 60% unemployment in Butetown.
What is counter-urbanisation?
Urban to rural
2 reasons for counter-urbanisation:
1) Increased car ownership and better transport networks (easier to commute)
2) Push factors from cities -> people wanting to leave
3) Pull factors to the countryside - viewed as a nicer place to live
What is a Zone of Discard?
An area that was once a part of the CBD but is now in decline and characterised by low-status shops and warehouses, and vacant property.
