Paper 2 mains? Flashcards
Urbanisation history in developed countries:
-> Before 1950, most of the urban growth occurred in developed countries.
-> From the 1800s onwards, industrialisation in Europe and North America as a result of the Industrial Revolution led to people moving to cities to work in factories.
-> Urban growth has slowed in developed countries and even reversed in some places as people leave cities for rural areas.
Urbanisation history in developing countries:
-> In developing countries, urbanisation has been most rapid since 1950.
-> Between 1950 and 1990, the urban population in developing countries doubled. Cities like
Dhaka in Bangladesh, Delhi, Bangalore and Mumbai in India and Lagos in Nigeria are getting bigger with rapidly growing populations. The number of Megacities (population over 10 million) has increased from two in 1950 to thirty-three in 2018.
Past causes of urbanisation in developed countries:
During the 1800s and early 1900s,
people moved from rural areas to
cities to get jobs in the expanding
industries.
Past causes of urbanisation in developing/ emerging countries:
A cause of urban growth is
migration – from RURAL areas to
URBAN areas = rural to urban migration
Some of the population growth in
cities is from natural increase (more births than deaths to people already living in cities).
Differences in problems faced in developed and developing countries
Rapid urbanisation inevitably has consequences. These may be different in developed and developing/emerging countries and are not always negative. There can be both positive and negative consequences in the same city leading to huge disparities in wealth and quality of life.
Give 3 consequences of urbanisation on developed countries:
Pressure on services (health, education)
Overcrowding
Transport issues
Increased housing prices
Lack of affordable housing/high rents
Increased competition for jobs
Pollution
Access to wider range of cultural and
Give 3 consequences of urbanisation on developing countries:
Pressure on services, including basic
Pollution
Few employment opportunities
Pressure on transport
Poverty
Drugs, gangs and violence
Impact on farming and food production
Lack of housing 🡪 informal settlements
Access to education/healthcare/cultural
Workforce drives economic development
Give 2 for why are areas sparsely populated:
-> Mountainous – difficult to build on or grow crops.
-> Remote – no jobs, poor transport links.
-> By a river, high risk of flooding.
-> Poor climate – very cold/wet or lots of ice/snow
Give 2 for why are areas densely populated:
-> Coastal, large port, lots of industry and jobs. Good transport links.
-> Large city – lots of jobs, entertainment, culture, attractions.
-> Capital city – political and financial centre. Many large companies. “Bright lights” of the city.
-> Flat land, good climate. Suitable for farming.
WHAT FACTORS CAUSED THE RATE AND DEGREE OF
URBANISATION TO DIFFER ACROSS THE UK?
Historical
The Industrial Revolution caused
people to move to cities to work in
factories. Urbanisation increased
during the first half of the 1800s.
The Enclosure Act 1773 removed
rights to farm land which forced more
people off the land and pushed them towards the towns.
Natural Resources
Many areas grew because of the
availability of natural resources like
coal, iron ore and limestone.
Trade
The UK’s trade with other countries
increased leading to settlements
growing around ports.
Tertiary & Quaternary Industry
Coastal towns have developed their tourist industry e.g. Blackpool.
Growth of quaternary industry such as IT, research and financial services.
Political
Location of national and local government.
Government policies and investment.
2 pros of top-down strategies:
-> Creates work for people in the cities
-> Possible to deal with large-scale issues (eg. flooding and air pollution)
-> Political power makes sure it happens
-> City government makes sure there is enough money
2 cons of top-down strategies:
-> Take a long time to be put into action
->They may suffer from budget cuts or corruption and so never happen.
-> They do not involve local people who may feel alienated.
2 pros of bottom-up strategies:
-> Smaller scale so people feel involved and are likely to go on supporting them after the initial interest has faded.
-> Does not take long to get going.
-> Does not need a lot of money.
-> May not have political support.
2 cons of bottom-up strategies:
-> Do not have a lot of money, so may not be able to scale up.
-> Cannot easily deal with big problems like air pollution.
-> May not have political support.
