Space and Place Flashcards
What is change driven by when considering place?
- Local, national, international processes
- Demographic
- Culture
- Information
- Capital
What causes inequality between places?
- Differences in areas
What type of population growth has been seen since 1500 globally?
- Exponential
What has contributed to increasing populations?
- Increasing birth rates
- Decreasing death rates
- Migrants
Outline the population change in the UK.
- Grown unevenly in last 50 years
- Ageing population
- London + SE rapid growth
- NE slower growth
What is the rural-urban continuum?
- Classification of countries
- Metropolitan counties by population size
- Nonmetropolitan counties by the degree of urbanisation and closeness to metro areas
How do population structure and the rural-urban continuum relate to each other?
- Population structure and density vary with place on continuum
What factors have contributed to the rural-urban divide?
- Accessibility
- Physical geography
- Historical development
- Planning
How can social factors affect population structures?
- Fertility rates
- Mortality rates
- International migration
- Internal migration
What can contribute to population characteristics?
- Gender
- Ethnicity
- Age
How can cultural diversity be explained?
- Social clustering
- Accessibility of key cities
- Physical geography
- Government planning policies
What effects can government planning policies have on cultural diversity?
- Can foster it
- Can suppress it
Give an example of a highly diverse population in the UK.
- London
- British, Indian, African, Chinese, Caribbean
How have colonies and the British Empire influenced culture and society in the UK today? Give two examples.
- International migration flows from former colonies
- 1950s onwards UK accepted immigrants from India sub-continent/West Indies to fill industry
- 1990s and 2000s migrants from EU inc 500,000 Poles
How can governments encourage flows of people?
- Investing in integration programmes
- Producing flyers in multiple languages
- Facilities eg places of worship, specific foods
Why may migrants be attracted to live in villages?
- History of living in villages
- Employment in agriculture
Give 7 examples of informal place representations.
- Television
- Film
- Music
- Art
- Photography
- Literature
- Graffiti
Name two examples of television used to represent places.
- EastEnders, inner city London
- Emmerdale, rural north of England
Name one example of film used to represent a place.
- Lord of the Rings, New Zealand
What are formal ways of representing places?
- Quantities of data
- Allows places to be described numerically
What is the best known type of formal representation of a place?
- Census
What areas of the population does the modern census consider? (9)
- Date of birth
- Gender
- Educational qualifications
- Ethnicity
- Religion
- Healthcare
- Welfare
- Housing
- Employment
What are the conventional characteristics that separate rural places from urban places?
- Closely knit community
- Conservative views
- Homogeneous ethnically
- Less mobility
Define quality of life.
- Extent to which social, psychological and physical needs and desires are met
Define standard of living.
- Ability to access services and goods
- Includes food, water, clothes, housing, personal mobility
What is the main political indicator of quality of life and standard of living?
- Opportunities to participate and influence decisions
What are the five economic indicators of standard of living/quality of life?
- Access to leisure services
- Access to employment
- Income
- Percentage of single-parent families
- Percentage of lone pensioners
What are the five physical indicators of quality of life/standard of living?
- Vandalism
- Graffiti
- Litter
- Pollution - noise/air
- Quality of housing
What are the six social indicators of quality of life.standard of living?
- Crime rate
- Fear of crime
- Percentage on free school meals
- Standard of health
- Standard of education
- Percentage on state benefits
Describe the cycle of deprivation.
- Poverty - low wages, unemployment
- Poor living conditions - overcrowding, run-down
- Ill-health - stress, strain
- Poor education, old schools, absences
- Poor skills - poor occupational skills
What is the Gini coefficient?
- Measures income inequality within countries
- Ratio with values between 0 and 1.0
- 0 is no inequality, 1.0 is max inequality
What is the World Bank’s definition of absolute poverty?
- US$1.25/day
Give one benefit and one draw-back of the informal sector?
- Easy access to employment
- No minimum wage - more vulnerable
What is HDI?
- Human Development Index, scale from 0-1
What is HDI based on?
- Income - adjusted to account for purchasing power in country
- Life expectancy at birth
- Literacy rate
- Average years spent in school
Outline how and why wealth affects spatial patterns of social inequality.
- Key to buy goods and services
- Cost of living
- Disposable income
- Low income - ill-health, poor educational attainment, limited access to services
Outline how and why housing affects spatial patterns of social inequality.
- Poor housing - ill-health
- Demand greater than supply + resources
- Rising costs
- Second-home ownership raise property price in rural areas
