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GEOGRAPHY A LEVEL REVISION - LVI > Space and Place > Flashcards

Space and Place Flashcards

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1
Q

What is change driven by when considering place?

A
  • Local, national, international processes
  • Demographic
  • Culture
  • Information
  • Capital
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2
Q

What causes inequality between places?

A
  • Differences in areas
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3
Q

What type of population growth has been seen since 1500 globally?

A
  • Exponential
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4
Q

What has contributed to increasing populations?

A
  • Increasing birth rates
  • Decreasing death rates
  • Migrants
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5
Q

Outline the population change in the UK.

A
  • Grown unevenly in last 50 years
  • Ageing population
  • London + SE rapid growth
  • NE slower growth
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6
Q

What is the rural-urban continuum?

A
  • Classification of countries
  • Metropolitan counties by population size
  • Nonmetropolitan counties by the degree of urbanisation and closeness to metro areas
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7
Q

How do population structure and the rural-urban continuum relate to each other?

A
  • Population structure and density vary with place on continuum
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8
Q

What factors have contributed to the rural-urban divide?

A
  • Accessibility
  • Physical geography
  • Historical development
  • Planning
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9
Q

How can social factors affect population structures?

A
  • Fertility rates
  • Mortality rates
  • International migration
  • Internal migration
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10
Q

What can contribute to population characteristics?

A
  • Gender
  • Ethnicity
  • Age
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11
Q

How can cultural diversity be explained?

A
  • Social clustering
  • Accessibility of key cities
  • Physical geography
  • Government planning policies
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12
Q

What effects can government planning policies have on cultural diversity?

A
  • Can foster it

- Can suppress it

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13
Q

Give an example of a highly diverse population in the UK.

A
  • London

- British, Indian, African, Chinese, Caribbean

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14
Q

How have colonies and the British Empire influenced culture and society in the UK today? Give two examples.

A
  • International migration flows from former colonies
  • 1950s onwards UK accepted immigrants from India sub-continent/West Indies to fill industry
  • 1990s and 2000s migrants from EU inc 500,000 Poles
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15
Q

How can governments encourage flows of people?

A
  • Investing in integration programmes
  • Producing flyers in multiple languages
  • Facilities eg places of worship, specific foods
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16
Q

Why may migrants be attracted to live in villages?

A
  • History of living in villages

- Employment in agriculture

17
Q

Give 7 examples of informal place representations.

A
  • Television
  • Film
  • Music
  • Art
  • Photography
  • Literature
  • Graffiti
18
Q

Name two examples of television used to represent places.

A
  • EastEnders, inner city London

- Emmerdale, rural north of England

19
Q

Name one example of film used to represent a place.

A
  • Lord of the Rings, New Zealand
20
Q

What are formal ways of representing places?

A
  • Quantities of data

- Allows places to be described numerically

21
Q

What is the best known type of formal representation of a place?

A
  • Census
22
Q

What areas of the population does the modern census consider? (9)

A
  • Date of birth
  • Gender
  • Educational qualifications
  • Ethnicity
  • Religion
  • Healthcare
  • Welfare
  • Housing
  • Employment
23
Q

What are the conventional characteristics that separate rural places from urban places?

A
  • Closely knit community
  • Conservative views
  • Homogeneous ethnically
  • Less mobility
24
Q

Define quality of life.

A
  • Extent to which social, psychological and physical needs and desires are met
25
Q

Define standard of living.

A
  • Ability to access services and goods

- Includes food, water, clothes, housing, personal mobility

26
Q

What is the main political indicator of quality of life and standard of living?

A
  • Opportunities to participate and influence decisions
27
Q

What are the five economic indicators of standard of living/quality of life?

A
  • Access to leisure services
  • Access to employment
  • Income
  • Percentage of single-parent families
  • Percentage of lone pensioners
28
Q

What are the five physical indicators of quality of life/standard of living?

A
  • Vandalism
  • Graffiti
  • Litter
  • Pollution - noise/air
  • Quality of housing
29
Q

What are the six social indicators of quality of life.standard of living?

A
  • Crime rate
  • Fear of crime
  • Percentage on free school meals
  • Standard of health
  • Standard of education
  • Percentage on state benefits
30
Q

Describe the cycle of deprivation.

A
  • Poverty - low wages, unemployment
  • Poor living conditions - overcrowding, run-down
  • Ill-health - stress, strain
  • Poor education, old schools, absences
  • Poor skills - poor occupational skills
31
Q

What is the Gini coefficient?

A
  • Measures income inequality within countries
  • Ratio with values between 0 and 1.0
  • 0 is no inequality, 1.0 is max inequality
32
Q

What is the World Bank’s definition of absolute poverty?

A
  • US$1.25/day
33
Q

Give one benefit and one draw-back of the informal sector?

A
  • Easy access to employment

- No minimum wage - more vulnerable

34
Q

What is HDI?

A
  • Human Development Index, scale from 0-1
35
Q

What is HDI based on?

A
  • Income - adjusted to account for purchasing power in country
  • Life expectancy at birth
  • Literacy rate
  • Average years spent in school
36
Q

Outline how and why wealth affects spatial patterns of social inequality.

A
  • Key to buy goods and services
  • Cost of living
  • Disposable income
  • Low income - ill-health, poor educational attainment, limited access to services
37
Q

Outline how and why housing affects spatial patterns of social inequality.

A
  • Poor housing - ill-health
  • Demand greater than supply + resources
  • Rising costs
  • Second-home ownership raise property price in rural areas

GEOGRAPHY A LEVEL REVISION - LVI (23 decks)

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