Migration Flashcards

1
Q

What is migration?

A
  • Moving across an international border or within a state away from habitual place of residence
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2
Q

Explain what migrant remittances are.

A

-Money migrants send to families in another countries

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3
Q

What is a refugee?

A
  • A person forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution or natural disaster
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4
Q

How is an asylum seeker defined?

A
  • A person who is a political refugee and seeking asylum in another
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5
Q

What are migration patterns?

A
  • Reflect conditions of a changing world and the impacts it has on cultural landscapes
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6
Q

State the population change equation.

A
  • Population change = (births - deaths) +/- international migration
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7
Q

What are three main countries of origin of UK immigrants?

A
  • Poland
  • Pakistan
  • USA
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8
Q

Give the main reasons for immigration from the UK.

A
  • Employment opportunities,
  • Retirement
  • Family reunification
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9
Q

How many immigrants had secured employment before arrival in the UK?

A
  • 178,000 out of 641,000
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10
Q

Roughly how many of the 641,000 migrants were full-time students in the UK?

A
  • A third - 193,000
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11
Q

What are push factors?

A

-Negative factors in a migrant’s current location

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12
Q

What are pull factors?

A
  • Perceived advantages of a potential destination
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13
Q

Describe the Lee model of migration.

A
  • Two circles representing location of origin and of destination
  • Positive, negative and neutral factors in each
  • Obstacles shown by a ragged line between
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14
Q

Give 3 examples of intervening obstacles that migrants may experience.

A
  • Cost
  • Physical geography
  • Health
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15
Q

What is the general argument of Friedman’s core-periphery model?

A
  • How economic, political and cultural authority is dispersed in core regions and the surrounding peripheral regions
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16
Q

Give a brief summary of Myrdal’s circular cumulative causation theory.

A
  • Self-reinforcing process
  • Impulse to a system triggers further changes
  • Takes system further from equilibrium e.g. inequality
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17
Q

What is the Schengen Agreement?

A
  • Allows freedom of movement within most of EU across its international borders
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18
Q

Why has intra-regional immigration in the EU increased?

A
  • Countries that have joined the EU (eg Malta, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria) have large working age populations seeking employment
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19
Q

How can migration promote stability?

A
  • Balances ageing population, migrants can return with ideas and skills, remittances
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20
Q

How can migration promote economic growth?

A
  • GDP and tax base boosted
  • Migrants are consumers
  • Fill labour shortages
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21
Q

How can migration boost development?

A
  • Skills and knowledge

- UN ‘migration and development’ projects are ‘bottom-up projects’

22
Q

How can migration increase inequalities?

A
  • ‘Brain drain’ on countries of origin,
  • Loss of young, fit workers
  • Remittances can increase inequalities between families
23
Q

How can migration cause conflict?

A
  • Social conflict due to poor integration
  • Increased pressure on services
  • Conflict at borders
24
Q

How can migration increase injustice?

A
  • Vulnerable to exploitation
  • Poor treatment of asylum seekers
  • Possible deportation
25
Why has south-south migration increased?
- Restrictive borders in north - Fast-growing economies in south - Preventative costs of moving greater distances
26
What is the largest ASEAN migrant corridor?
- From Myanmar to Thailand | - 2 million migrants
27
Why do people move to Thailand?
- Fastest growing economy in Southeast Asia - Helpful physical geography - New legal daily min. wage (300 baht)
28
How is Thailand benefiting form migration?
- Resolves labour shortages in agriculture, fisheries, manufacturing, construction and domestics
29
In 2015, which country became the largest source of refugees, and which country did it overtake?
- Syria overtook Afghanistan
30
Who was the largest recipient of refugees in 2015?
- Turkey
31
In 2014, which countries received the most asylum applications?
- Russian - Germany - USA
32
How many people have been displaced due to the civil war in Syria?
- 12.3 million in total
33
Outline how point-based migration policies work?
- Ranked on 1200-point system - Age - Skills - Education - Fast-tracks best migrants
34
What does ILO stand for and how does it relate to migration?
- International Labour Organisation - Protects human rights - Encourages female participation - Supports social networks
35
Why are Laotian migrants attracted to Thailand?
- Lack of alternative occupation in rural areas - Food insecurity - Higher minimum wage
36
Why is migration to Thailand easier for Laotians?
- Language/culture | - Access across Mekong
37
Describe briefly how the bilateral corridor between Loas and Thailand can be affective.
- Laotian workers boost Thai economy - Principle access to sea for Laos - Thai funding for medical advancements and engineering
38
How can physical migration pose a challenge for Laotians?
- Most econ migrants are uneducated/young | - Vulnerable to trafficking/exploitation
39
Outline Brazil.
- 7th largest economy - Biggest economy in Latin America - 2020 GPD per capita US$6,800
40
Describe the composition of Brazil's economy.
- Services 70% - Industry 25% - Agriculture 5%
41
Outline the current immigration and emigration patterns in Brazil.
- Net loss decreasing from 500,000 to 200,000 - Increased migration between neighbours - Increased emigration of high-skilled - Rise in international migrants - World Cup
42
How was coffee significant to Brazil's migration in the twentieth century?
- Influx for coffee cultivation | - Italians, Germans, Portuguese
43
How significant has migration between Brazil and neighbouring counties been throughout history?
- Always been significant | - Increase when political crisis occur
44
Which two countries have the largest Brazilian populations? Approximately how many are in each country?
- USA - 400,000 | - Japan - 400,000
45
Which country has the largest population in Brazil and approximately how many are there?
- Portugal - 140,000
46
Describe the migrational relationship between Brazil and Portugal.
- Lon-standing bilateral relationship - Brazil former colony of Portugal - Preferential treatment - Gateway into EU
47
Describe the migrational relationship between Brazil and the USA.
- Low-skilled Brazilians in USA - Return remittances, skills, knowledge - Trade/agri/education/defence agreements - USAID - environmental issues
48
Describe the migrational relationship between Brazil and Haiti.
- National Immigration Council for Brazil - easy access to visas - 2013 - 11,000 Haitian immigrants - Fleeing political instability, poverty, poor education, lack of human rights - Low-skilled jobs in agriculture
49
How has migration affected Brazil's economic development?
- Growth of agriculture/manufacturing - New high-skill professionals bring innovations - Emigration to USA, Portugal - remittances
50
How has migration affected Brazil's political stability?
- Stable, democratic - Leader of Mercosur trading block - Stable relationships with Japan, USA, Portugal - Receives and supports environmental and political refugees
51
How has migration affected Brazil's social | equality?
- Inequalities between ethnic groups - Poverty concentrated in rural areas and favelas - Prejudice and discrimination in labour market