Migration Flashcards
What is migration?
- Moving across an international border or within a state away from habitual place of residence
Explain what migrant remittances are.
-Money migrants send to families in another countries
What is a refugee?
- A person forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution or natural disaster
How is an asylum seeker defined?
- A person who is a political refugee and seeking asylum in another
What are migration patterns?
- Reflect conditions of a changing world and the impacts it has on cultural landscapes
State the population change equation.
- Population change = (births - deaths) +/- international migration
What are three main countries of origin of UK immigrants?
- Poland
- Pakistan
- USA
Give the main reasons for immigration from the UK.
- Employment opportunities,
- Retirement
- Family reunification
How many immigrants had secured employment before arrival in the UK?
- 178,000 out of 641,000
Roughly how many of the 641,000 migrants were full-time students in the UK?
- A third - 193,000
What are push factors?
-Negative factors in a migrant’s current location
What are pull factors?
- Perceived advantages of a potential destination
Describe the Lee model of migration.
- Two circles representing location of origin and of destination
- Positive, negative and neutral factors in each
- Obstacles shown by a ragged line between
Give 3 examples of intervening obstacles that migrants may experience.
- Cost
- Physical geography
- Health
What is the general argument of Friedman’s core-periphery model?
- How economic, political and cultural authority is dispersed in core regions and the surrounding peripheral regions
Give a brief summary of Myrdal’s circular cumulative causation theory.
- Self-reinforcing process
- Impulse to a system triggers further changes
- Takes system further from equilibrium e.g. inequality
What is the Schengen Agreement?
- Allows freedom of movement within most of EU across its international borders
Why has intra-regional immigration in the EU increased?
- Countries that have joined the EU (eg Malta, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria) have large working age populations seeking employment
How can migration promote stability?
- Balances ageing population, migrants can return with ideas and skills, remittances
How can migration promote economic growth?
- GDP and tax base boosted
- Migrants are consumers
- Fill labour shortages
How can migration boost development?
- Skills and knowledge
- UN ‘migration and development’ projects are ‘bottom-up projects’
How can migration increase inequalities?
- ‘Brain drain’ on countries of origin,
- Loss of young, fit workers
- Remittances can increase inequalities between families
How can migration cause conflict?
- Social conflict due to poor integration
- Increased pressure on services
- Conflict at borders
How can migration increase injustice?
- Vulnerable to exploitation
- Poor treatment of asylum seekers
- Possible deportation
Why has south-south migration increased?
- Restrictive borders in north
- Fast-growing economies in south
- Preventative costs of moving greater distances
What is the largest ASEAN migrant corridor?
- From Myanmar to Thailand
- 2 million migrants
Why do people move to Thailand?
- Fastest growing economy in Southeast Asia
- Helpful physical geography
- New legal daily min. wage (300 baht)
How is Thailand benefiting form migration?
- Resolves labour shortages in agriculture, fisheries, manufacturing, construction and domestics
In 2015, which country became the largest source of refugees, and which country did it overtake?
- Syria overtook Afghanistan
Who was the largest recipient of refugees in 2015?
- Turkey
In 2014, which countries received the most asylum applications?
- Russian
- Germany
- USA
How many people have been displaced due to the civil war in Syria?
- 12.3 million in total
Outline how point-based migration policies work?
- Ranked on 1200-point system
- Age
- Skills
- Education
- Fast-tracks best migrants
What does ILO stand for and how does it relate to migration?
- International Labour Organisation
- Protects human rights
- Encourages female participation
- Supports social networks
Why are Laotian migrants attracted to Thailand?
- Lack of alternative occupation in rural areas
- Food insecurity
- Higher minimum wage
Why is migration to Thailand easier for Laotians?
- Language/culture
- Access across Mekong
Describe briefly how the bilateral corridor between Loas and Thailand can be affective.
- Laotian workers boost Thai economy
- Principle access to sea for Laos
- Thai funding for medical advancements and engineering
How can physical migration pose a challenge for Laotians?
- Most econ migrants are uneducated/young
- Vulnerable to trafficking/exploitation
Outline Brazil.
- 7th largest economy
- Biggest economy in Latin America
- 2020 GPD per capita US$6,800
Describe the composition of Brazil’s economy.
- Services 70%
- Industry 25%
- Agriculture 5%
Outline the current immigration and emigration patterns in Brazil.
- Net loss decreasing from 500,000 to 200,000
- Increased migration between neighbours
- Increased emigration of high-skilled
- Rise in international migrants - World Cup
How was coffee significant to Brazil’s migration in the twentieth century?
- Influx for coffee cultivation
- Italians, Germans, Portuguese
How significant has migration between Brazil and neighbouring counties been throughout history?
- Always been significant
- Increase when political crisis occur
Which two countries have the largest Brazilian populations? Approximately how many are in each country?
- USA - 400,000
- Japan - 400,000
Which country has the largest population in Brazil and approximately how many are there?
- Portugal - 140,000
Describe the migrational relationship between Brazil and Portugal.
- Lon-standing bilateral relationship
- Brazil former colony of Portugal
- Preferential treatment
- Gateway into EU
Describe the migrational relationship between Brazil and the USA.
- Low-skilled Brazilians in USA
- Return remittances, skills, knowledge
- Trade/agri/education/defence agreements
- USAID - environmental issues
Describe the migrational relationship between Brazil and Haiti.
- National Immigration Council for Brazil - easy access to visas
- 2013 - 11,000 Haitian immigrants
- Fleeing political instability, poverty, poor education, lack of human rights
- Low-skilled jobs in agriculture
How has migration affected Brazil’s economic development?
- Growth of agriculture/manufacturing
- New high-skill professionals bring innovations
- Emigration to USA, Portugal - remittances
How has migration affected Brazil’s political stability?
- Stable, democratic
- Leader of Mercosur trading block
- Stable relationships with Japan, USA, Portugal
- Receives and supports environmental and political refugees
How has migration affected Brazil’s social
equality?
- Inequalities between ethnic groups
- Poverty concentrated in rural areas and favelas
- Prejudice and discrimination in labour market
