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geography a level revision - lvi > Migration > Flashcards

Migration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is migration?

A
  • Moving across an international border or within a state away from habitual place of residence
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2
Q

Explain what migrant remittances are.

A

-Money migrants send to families in another countries

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3
Q

What is a refugee?

A
  • A person forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution or natural disaster
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4
Q

How is an asylum seeker defined?

A
  • A person who is a political refugee and seeking asylum in another
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5
Q

What are migration patterns?

A
  • Reflect conditions of a changing world and the impacts it has on cultural landscapes
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6
Q

State the population change equation.

A
  • Population change = (births - deaths) +/- international migration
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7
Q

What are three main countries of origin of UK immigrants?

A
  • Poland
  • Pakistan
  • USA
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8
Q

Give the main reasons for immigration from the UK.

A
  • Employment opportunities,
  • Retirement
  • Family reunification
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9
Q

How many immigrants had secured employment before arrival in the UK?

A
  • 178,000 out of 641,000
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10
Q

Roughly how many of the 641,000 migrants were full-time students in the UK?

A
  • A third - 193,000
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11
Q

What are push factors?

A

-Negative factors in a migrant’s current location

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12
Q

What are pull factors?

A
  • Perceived advantages of a potential destination
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13
Q

Describe the Lee model of migration.

A
  • Two circles representing location of origin and of destination
  • Positive, negative and neutral factors in each
  • Obstacles shown by a ragged line between
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14
Q

Give 3 examples of intervening obstacles that migrants may experience.

A
  • Cost
  • Physical geography
  • Health
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15
Q

What is the general argument of Friedman’s core-periphery model?

A
  • How economic, political and cultural authority is dispersed in core regions and the surrounding peripheral regions
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16
Q

Give a brief summary of Myrdal’s circular cumulative causation theory.

A
  • Self-reinforcing process
  • Impulse to a system triggers further changes
  • Takes system further from equilibrium e.g. inequality
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17
Q

What is the Schengen Agreement?

A
  • Allows freedom of movement within most of EU across its international borders
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18
Q

Why has intra-regional immigration in the EU increased?

A
  • Countries that have joined the EU (eg Malta, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria) have large working age populations seeking employment
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19
Q

How can migration promote stability?

A
  • Balances ageing population, migrants can return with ideas and skills, remittances
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20
Q

How can migration promote economic growth?

A
  • GDP and tax base boosted
  • Migrants are consumers
  • Fill labour shortages
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21
Q

How can migration boost development?

A
  • Skills and knowledge

- UN ‘migration and development’ projects are ‘bottom-up projects’

22
Q

How can migration increase inequalities?

A
  • ‘Brain drain’ on countries of origin,
  • Loss of young, fit workers
  • Remittances can increase inequalities between families
23
Q

How can migration cause conflict?

A
  • Social conflict due to poor integration
  • Increased pressure on services
  • Conflict at borders
24
Q

How can migration increase injustice?

A
  • Vulnerable to exploitation
  • Poor treatment of asylum seekers
  • Possible deportation
25
Q

Why has south-south migration increased?

A
  • Restrictive borders in north
  • Fast-growing economies in south
  • Preventative costs of moving greater distances
26
Q

What is the largest ASEAN migrant corridor?

A
  • From Myanmar to Thailand

- 2 million migrants

27
Q

Why do people move to Thailand?

A
  • Fastest growing economy in Southeast Asia
  • Helpful physical geography
  • New legal daily min. wage (300 baht)
28
Q

How is Thailand benefiting form migration?

A
  • Resolves labour shortages in agriculture, fisheries, manufacturing, construction and domestics
29
Q

In 2015, which country became the largest source of refugees, and which country did it overtake?

A
  • Syria overtook Afghanistan
30
Q

Who was the largest recipient of refugees in 2015?

A
  • Turkey
31
Q

In 2014, which countries received the most asylum applications?

A
  • Russian
  • Germany
  • USA
32
Q

How many people have been displaced due to the civil war in Syria?

A
  • 12.3 million in total
33
Q

Outline how point-based migration policies work?

A
  • Ranked on 1200-point system
  • Age
  • Skills
  • Education
  • Fast-tracks best migrants
34
Q

What does ILO stand for and how does it relate to migration?

A
  • International Labour Organisation
  • Protects human rights
  • Encourages female participation
  • Supports social networks
35
Q

Why are Laotian migrants attracted to Thailand?

A
  • Lack of alternative occupation in rural areas
  • Food insecurity
  • Higher minimum wage
36
Q

Why is migration to Thailand easier for Laotians?

A
  • Language/culture

- Access across Mekong

37
Q

Describe briefly how the bilateral corridor between Loas and Thailand can be affective.

A
  • Laotian workers boost Thai economy
  • Principle access to sea for Laos
  • Thai funding for medical advancements and engineering
38
Q

How can physical migration pose a challenge for Laotians?

A
  • Most econ migrants are uneducated/young

- Vulnerable to trafficking/exploitation

39
Q

Outline Brazil.

A
  • 7th largest economy
  • Biggest economy in Latin America
  • 2020 GPD per capita US$6,800
40
Q

Describe the composition of Brazil’s economy.

A
  • Services 70%
  • Industry 25%
  • Agriculture 5%
41
Q

Outline the current immigration and emigration patterns in Brazil.

A
  • Net loss decreasing from 500,000 to 200,000
  • Increased migration between neighbours
  • Increased emigration of high-skilled
  • Rise in international migrants - World Cup
42
Q

How was coffee significant to Brazil’s migration in the twentieth century?

A
  • Influx for coffee cultivation

- Italians, Germans, Portuguese

43
Q

How significant has migration between Brazil and neighbouring counties been throughout history?

A
  • Always been significant

- Increase when political crisis occur

44
Q

Which two countries have the largest Brazilian populations? Approximately how many are in each country?

A
  • USA - 400,000

- Japan - 400,000

45
Q

Which country has the largest population in Brazil and approximately how many are there?

A
  • Portugal - 140,000
46
Q

Describe the migrational relationship between Brazil and Portugal.

A
  • Lon-standing bilateral relationship
  • Brazil former colony of Portugal
  • Preferential treatment
  • Gateway into EU
47
Q

Describe the migrational relationship between Brazil and the USA.

A
  • Low-skilled Brazilians in USA
  • Return remittances, skills, knowledge
  • Trade/agri/education/defence agreements
  • USAID - environmental issues
48
Q

Describe the migrational relationship between Brazil and Haiti.

A
  • National Immigration Council for Brazil - easy access to visas
  • 2013 - 11,000 Haitian immigrants
  • Fleeing political instability, poverty, poor education, lack of human rights
  • Low-skilled jobs in agriculture
49
Q

How has migration affected Brazil’s economic development?

A
  • Growth of agriculture/manufacturing
  • New high-skill professionals bring innovations
  • Emigration to USA, Portugal - remittances
50
Q

How has migration affected Brazil’s political stability?

A
  • Stable, democratic
  • Leader of Mercosur trading block
  • Stable relationships with Japan, USA, Portugal
  • Receives and supports environmental and political refugees
51
Q

How has migration affected Brazil’s social

equality?

A
  • Inequalities between ethnic groups
  • Poverty concentrated in rural areas and favelas
  • Prejudice and discrimination in labour market

geography a level revision - lvi (23 decks)

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