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GEOGRAPHY A LEVEL REVISION - LVI > Human Rights > Flashcards

Human Rights Flashcards

1
Q

Name four modern threats to human rights

A
  • Genocide
  • Child labour
  • Human trafficking
  • Gender inequality
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2
Q

How can UN Conventions protect the rights of children?

A
  • Signed by governments worldwide
  • Focus on needs of children
  • Forms base of UNICEF
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3
Q

What is IMR and how does it relate to human rights?

A
  • Infant Mortality Rate
  • The number of deaths of infants under the age of one year per 1000 live births
  • Indicator of health services
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4
Q

Define intervention.

A
  • Use of military forces by a state or groups in a foreign territory to end gross violations of fundamental human rights
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5
Q

What is the role of UN Security Council in protecting human rights?

A
  • Only body legally able to authorise use of force

- Effective, immediate benefit to locals

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6
Q

Outline the background details of India.

A
  • One of fastest growing economies
  • 114/142 countries in WEF Global Gender Pay Gap Index
  • Gender inequalities socially, economically and politically
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7
Q

How does violence against women relate to human rights issues in India?

A
  • 52% women believe its justified for a man to beat his wife + tolerated by state
  • Patriarchal practices/violence (dowery killings, rape etc)
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8
Q

How does slavery relate to human rights in India?

A
  • 14.3 million people (mostly women/girls)

- Slavery, trafficking, sexual exploitation, early forced marriage, forced labour

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9
Q

To what extent does property ownership reflect human rights issues in India?

A
  • Women have very few rights of ownership

- Patriarchal Inheritance - when husbands die their house and assets go to husband’s family not wife

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10
Q

Describe the impact of employment opportunities on women’s rights in India.

A
  • Women have limited access
  • Expected to stay at home
  • Worse in rural areas
  • Denied education
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11
Q

How does discrimination in the workplace illustrate women’s rights issues in India?

A
  • Common
  • Maternity benefits denied
  • 25% married women return to work after birth (Delhi)
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12
Q

How does politics show the differences between men and women’s rights in India?

A
  • Poor representation in politics
  • 11% women in Low Sabha (lower house)
  • 10% in Rajya Sabha (upper house)
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13
Q

Outline the consequences of gender inequality on Indian society. (6)

A
  • Murder/disfigurement/sexual violence
  • 8200 dowery killings, 2015
  • Health risk in pregnancy
  • Limited education
  • Sex-selective abortions
  • Sterilisation schemes
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14
Q

What are some of the new Acts of Parliament introduced to help Indian women?

A
  • Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006
  • Dowery Prohibition Act, 2008,
  • Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
  • Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act and Rules, 2013
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15
Q

How have NGOs helped promote women’s rights in India?

A
  • Development projects

- Eg International Centre for Research on Women (ICRW), set up ‘Safe Cities’ project with UN Women

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16
Q

Name 5 strategies for global governance of human rights.

A
  • Change and modernise norms
  • NGOs, private organisations, human rights activists
  • Creation of international/national laws
  • UN peacekeeping missions
  • Treaties/conventions (UN, ASEAN, ECOWAS, EU, NATO)
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17
Q

Outline the role of NGO WaterAid in helping promote and protect human rights.

A
  • Help access to water/toilets/hygiene
  • Appropriate tech (eg rope pump)
  • Local approach
  • 16 mill children born to families without access to toilets yearly
  • Promoted education
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18
Q

Outline the background of Afghanistan.

A

Landlocked, development restricted by political instability, 169th out of 187 countries for HDI

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19
Q

What are the human rights violations in Afghanistan?

A
  • Casualties
  • Domestic violence against women
  • Disruption of 2014 election
  • Attacks on journalists
  • Extra-judicial executions
  • Illicit drug trade
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20
Q

When was the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UAMA) established?

21
Q

What are 3 aims of the UAMA?

A
  • Promote respect for international humanitarian and human rights laws
  • Promote accountability
  • Achieve full employments of human rights
22
Q

What has the Afghan government done to tackle its human rights issues?

A
  • Passed laws
  • Attempts to remove quota for women in parliament
  • Boost socio-economic development
23
Q

How has Afghan Aid helped in Afghanistan?

A
  • Sustainable rural development
  • Coordinated projects with UN and Afghan government
  • 18.4 million in Afghanistan need urgent humanitarian assistance
24
Q

How can we see improvements in Afghanistan as a result of humanitarian intervention and global governance?

A
  • 2014: 5 million more children in school
  • MMR halved since 2001
  • Life expectancy increased from 55 (2000) to 61 (2013)
25
Outline 4 positive impacts of global governance.
- Democracy - Increased peace - Improved freedoms - 5 million more children at school - 40 per cent girls
26
Outline 4 negative impacts of global governance in Afghanistan.
- Cost US$1 trillion - 5000 Americans killed/500 British killed - Collateral damage - Locals who help are more at risk
27
Give a brief summary of Honduras.
- One of least developed countries in Central America - Employment: 39% agri/ 21% industry/ 40% services - Politically unstable - Hurricane Mitch in 1998
28
What are the main human rights violations in Honduras?
- Unlawful use of force - Police corruption - One of highest murder rates in the world - Discrimination - Limited access to services
29
How has the UN tried to help Honduras?
- Sent Human Rights Adviser | - Coordinate projects with Honduran gov
30
How has the USA contributed to Honduras?
- US$50 million in security aid | - Central American Regional Security Initiative
31
Briefly explain how Kenco Coffee has helped Honduras.
- Education scheme - Coffee vs Gangs scheme - Trains/employs 114,000 coffee farmers
32
What are some of the opportunities brought about through global governance in Honduras?
- Bilateral links with USA - Community effort to prevent crime, - Improving healthcare and education, - Access to CAFTA-DR which helps trade
33
What are some of the challengers caused by global governance in Honduras?
- Rich-poor inequality - Rural-urban migration, - Injustice - Discrimination against indigenous population
34
Define human rights.
- Basic rights and freedoms that all humans are entitled to
35
What was the name of the document that entailed all basic human rights? When was it signed?
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights | - 1948
36
How many human rights are included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- 30
37
What are human rights norms?
- Ways of living that have been inculcated into the culture of a country or area over a long period of time
38
Is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights legally binding?
- No
39
Are human rights protected by international law?
- Yes
40
What does the term geopolitics mean?
- Global balance of political powers and international relations
41
How is geopolitics complex?
- It depends on perspective - Inequalities between individual states, organisations, supranational organisations - All have influence
42
What areas does the geopolitics of intervention in human rights require certain knowledge of? (6)
- Political composition - Nature of the intervention - Reasons why it is necessary - Characteristics of country, government and people - Political, socio-economic, environmental consequences - Complexity of human rights
43
Define gender inequality.
- The unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender
44
How did the Millennium Development Goals aid in promoting gender inequality?
- 2 goals dedicated to improving lives of women, female empowerment and gender inequality
45
Give four factors that influence female educational participation in developing countries.
- Costs can restrict all children in a family attending secondary school - Domestic obligations often fall on elder daughters - Inadequate sanitation in schools - Insufficient government investment
46
Give four factors affecting female reproductive health in developing countries.
- Harmful traditional practices such as FGM - Gender bias in education limits access to information - Sexual violence - Early forced marriage/pregnancy
47
How many births occur daily in developing countries where the mother is under the age of 18?
- 20,000
48
How can early pregnancy impact girls and women lives?
- Education ends - Job opportunity diminish - Vulnerable to poverty and exclusion - Health suffers
49
Name two NGOs that are seeking to resolve issues regarding women's rights in developing countries.
- Womenkind | - ICRW

GEOGRAPHY A LEVEL REVISION - LVI (23 decks)

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