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GEOGRAPHY A LEVEL REVISION - LVI > Human Rights > Flashcards

Human Rights Flashcards

1
Q

Name four modern threats to human rights

A
  • Genocide
  • Child labour
  • Human trafficking
  • Gender inequality
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2
Q

How can UN Conventions protect the rights of children?

A
  • Signed by governments worldwide
  • Focus on needs of children
  • Forms base of UNICEF
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3
Q

What is IMR and how does it relate to human rights?

A
  • Infant Mortality Rate
  • The number of deaths of infants under the age of one year per 1000 live births
  • Indicator of health services
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4
Q

Define intervention.

A
  • Use of military forces by a state or groups in a foreign territory to end gross violations of fundamental human rights
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5
Q

What is the role of UN Security Council in protecting human rights?

A
  • Only body legally able to authorise use of force

- Effective, immediate benefit to locals

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6
Q

Outline the background details of India.

A
  • One of fastest growing economies
  • 114/142 countries in WEF Global Gender Pay Gap Index
  • Gender inequalities socially, economically and politically
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7
Q

How does violence against women relate to human rights issues in India?

A
  • 52% women believe its justified for a man to beat his wife + tolerated by state
  • Patriarchal practices/violence (dowery killings, rape etc)
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8
Q

How does slavery relate to human rights in India?

A
  • 14.3 million people (mostly women/girls)

- Slavery, trafficking, sexual exploitation, early forced marriage, forced labour

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9
Q

To what extent does property ownership reflect human rights issues in India?

A
  • Women have very few rights of ownership

- Patriarchal Inheritance - when husbands die their house and assets go to husband’s family not wife

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10
Q

Describe the impact of employment opportunities on women’s rights in India.

A
  • Women have limited access
  • Expected to stay at home
  • Worse in rural areas
  • Denied education
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11
Q

How does discrimination in the workplace illustrate women’s rights issues in India?

A
  • Common
  • Maternity benefits denied
  • 25% married women return to work after birth (Delhi)
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12
Q

How does politics show the differences between men and women’s rights in India?

A
  • Poor representation in politics
  • 11% women in Low Sabha (lower house)
  • 10% in Rajya Sabha (upper house)
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13
Q

Outline the consequences of gender inequality on Indian society. (6)

A
  • Murder/disfigurement/sexual violence
  • 8200 dowery killings, 2015
  • Health risk in pregnancy
  • Limited education
  • Sex-selective abortions
  • Sterilisation schemes
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14
Q

What are some of the new Acts of Parliament introduced to help Indian women?

A
  • Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006
  • Dowery Prohibition Act, 2008,
  • Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
  • Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act and Rules, 2013
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15
Q

How have NGOs helped promote women’s rights in India?

A
  • Development projects

- Eg International Centre for Research on Women (ICRW), set up ‘Safe Cities’ project with UN Women

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16
Q

Name 5 strategies for global governance of human rights.

A
  • Change and modernise norms
  • NGOs, private organisations, human rights activists
  • Creation of international/national laws
  • UN peacekeeping missions
  • Treaties/conventions (UN, ASEAN, ECOWAS, EU, NATO)
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17
Q

Outline the role of NGO WaterAid in helping promote and protect human rights.

A
  • Help access to water/toilets/hygiene
  • Appropriate tech (eg rope pump)
  • Local approach
  • 16 mill children born to families without access to toilets yearly
  • Promoted education
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18
Q

Outline the background of Afghanistan.

A

Landlocked, development restricted by political instability, 169th out of 187 countries for HDI

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19
Q

What are the human rights violations in Afghanistan?

A
  • Casualties
  • Domestic violence against women
  • Disruption of 2014 election
  • Attacks on journalists
  • Extra-judicial executions
  • Illicit drug trade
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20
Q

When was the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UAMA) established?

A
  • 2002
21
Q

What are 3 aims of the UAMA?

A
  • Promote respect for international humanitarian and human rights laws
  • Promote accountability
  • Achieve full employments of human rights
22
Q

What has the Afghan government done to tackle its human rights issues?

A
  • Passed laws
  • Attempts to remove quota for women in parliament
  • Boost socio-economic development
23
Q

How has Afghan Aid helped in Afghanistan?

A
  • Sustainable rural development
  • Coordinated projects with UN and Afghan government
  • 18.4 million in Afghanistan need urgent humanitarian assistance
24
Q

How can we see improvements in Afghanistan as a result of humanitarian intervention and global governance?

A
  • 2014: 5 million more children in school
  • MMR halved since 2001
  • Life expectancy increased from 55 (2000) to 61 (2013)
25
Q

Outline 4 positive impacts of global governance.

A
  • Democracy
  • Increased peace
  • Improved freedoms
  • 5 million more children at school - 40 per cent girls
26
Q

Outline 4 negative impacts of global governance in Afghanistan.

A
  • Cost US$1 trillion
  • 5000 Americans killed/500 British killed
  • Collateral damage
  • Locals who help are more at risk
27
Q

Give a brief summary of Honduras.

A
  • One of least developed countries in Central America
  • Employment: 39% agri/ 21% industry/ 40% services
  • Politically unstable
  • Hurricane Mitch in 1998
28
Q

What are the main human rights violations in Honduras?

A
  • Unlawful use of force
  • Police corruption
  • One of highest murder rates in the world
  • Discrimination
  • Limited access to services
29
Q

How has the UN tried to help Honduras?

A
  • Sent Human Rights Adviser

- Coordinate projects with Honduran gov

30
Q

How has the USA contributed to Honduras?

A
  • US$50 million in security aid

- Central American Regional Security Initiative

31
Q

Briefly explain how Kenco Coffee has helped Honduras.

A
  • Education scheme
  • Coffee vs Gangs scheme
  • Trains/employs 114,000 coffee farmers
32
Q

What are some of the opportunities brought about through global governance in Honduras?

A
  • Bilateral links with USA
  • Community effort to prevent crime,
  • Improving healthcare and education,
  • Access to CAFTA-DR which helps trade
33
Q

What are some of the challengers caused by global governance in Honduras?

A
  • Rich-poor inequality
  • Rural-urban migration,
  • Injustice
  • Discrimination against indigenous population
34
Q

Define human rights.

A
  • Basic rights and freedoms that all humans are entitled to
35
Q

What was the name of the document that entailed all basic human rights? When was it signed?

A
  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights

- 1948

36
Q

How many human rights are included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A
  • 30
37
Q

What are human rights norms?

A
  • Ways of living that have been inculcated into the culture of a country or area over a long period of time
38
Q

Is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights legally binding?

A
  • No
39
Q

Are human rights protected by international law?

A
  • Yes
40
Q

What does the term geopolitics mean?

A
  • Global balance of political powers and international relations
41
Q

How is geopolitics complex?

A
  • It depends on perspective
  • Inequalities between individual states, organisations, supranational organisations
  • All have influence
42
Q

What areas does the geopolitics of intervention in human rights require certain knowledge of? (6)

A
  • Political composition
  • Nature of the intervention
  • Reasons why it is necessary
  • Characteristics of country, government and people
  • Political, socio-economic, environmental consequences
  • Complexity of human rights
43
Q

Define gender inequality.

A
  • The unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender
44
Q

How did the Millennium Development Goals aid in promoting gender inequality?

A
  • 2 goals dedicated to improving lives of women, female empowerment and gender inequality
45
Q

Give four factors that influence female educational participation in developing countries.

A
  • Costs can restrict all children in a family attending secondary school
  • Domestic obligations often fall on elder daughters
  • Inadequate sanitation in schools
  • Insufficient government investment
46
Q

Give four factors affecting female reproductive health in developing countries.

A
  • Harmful traditional practices such as FGM
  • Gender bias in education limits access to information
  • Sexual violence
  • Early forced marriage/pregnancy
47
Q

How many births occur daily in developing countries where the mother is under the age of 18?

A
  • 20,000
48
Q

How can early pregnancy impact girls and women lives?

A
  • Education ends
  • Job opportunity diminish
  • Vulnerable to poverty and exclusion
  • Health suffers
49
Q

Name two NGOs that are seeking to resolve issues regarding women’s rights in developing countries.

A
  • Womenkind

- ICRW

GEOGRAPHY A LEVEL REVISION - LVI (23 decks)

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