Human Rights Flashcards
Name four modern threats to human rights
- Genocide
- Child labour
- Human trafficking
- Gender inequality
How can UN Conventions protect the rights of children?
- Signed by governments worldwide
- Focus on needs of children
- Forms base of UNICEF
What is IMR and how does it relate to human rights?
- Infant Mortality Rate
- The number of deaths of infants under the age of one year per 1000 live births
- Indicator of health services
Define intervention.
- Use of military forces by a state or groups in a foreign territory to end gross violations of fundamental human rights
What is the role of UN Security Council in protecting human rights?
- Only body legally able to authorise use of force
- Effective, immediate benefit to locals
Outline the background details of India.
- One of fastest growing economies
- 114/142 countries in WEF Global Gender Pay Gap Index
- Gender inequalities socially, economically and politically
How does violence against women relate to human rights issues in India?
- 52% women believe its justified for a man to beat his wife + tolerated by state
- Patriarchal practices/violence (dowery killings, rape etc)
How does slavery relate to human rights in India?
- 14.3 million people (mostly women/girls)
- Slavery, trafficking, sexual exploitation, early forced marriage, forced labour
To what extent does property ownership reflect human rights issues in India?
- Women have very few rights of ownership
- Patriarchal Inheritance - when husbands die their house and assets go to husband’s family not wife
Describe the impact of employment opportunities on women’s rights in India.
- Women have limited access
- Expected to stay at home
- Worse in rural areas
- Denied education
How does discrimination in the workplace illustrate women’s rights issues in India?
- Common
- Maternity benefits denied
- 25% married women return to work after birth (Delhi)
How does politics show the differences between men and women’s rights in India?
- Poor representation in politics
- 11% women in Low Sabha (lower house)
- 10% in Rajya Sabha (upper house)
Outline the consequences of gender inequality on Indian society. (6)
- Murder/disfigurement/sexual violence
- 8200 dowery killings, 2015
- Health risk in pregnancy
- Limited education
- Sex-selective abortions
- Sterilisation schemes
What are some of the new Acts of Parliament introduced to help Indian women?
- Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006
- Dowery Prohibition Act, 2008,
- Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
- Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act and Rules, 2013
How have NGOs helped promote women’s rights in India?
- Development projects
- Eg International Centre for Research on Women (ICRW), set up ‘Safe Cities’ project with UN Women
Name 5 strategies for global governance of human rights.
- Change and modernise norms
- NGOs, private organisations, human rights activists
- Creation of international/national laws
- UN peacekeeping missions
- Treaties/conventions (UN, ASEAN, ECOWAS, EU, NATO)
Outline the role of NGO WaterAid in helping promote and protect human rights.
- Help access to water/toilets/hygiene
- Appropriate tech (eg rope pump)
- Local approach
- 16 mill children born to families without access to toilets yearly
- Promoted education
Outline the background of Afghanistan.
Landlocked, development restricted by political instability, 169th out of 187 countries for HDI
What are the human rights violations in Afghanistan?
- Casualties
- Domestic violence against women
- Disruption of 2014 election
- Attacks on journalists
- Extra-judicial executions
- Illicit drug trade
When was the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UAMA) established?
- 2002
What are 3 aims of the UAMA?
- Promote respect for international humanitarian and human rights laws
- Promote accountability
- Achieve full employments of human rights
What has the Afghan government done to tackle its human rights issues?
- Passed laws
- Attempts to remove quota for women in parliament
- Boost socio-economic development
How has Afghan Aid helped in Afghanistan?
- Sustainable rural development
- Coordinated projects with UN and Afghan government
- 18.4 million in Afghanistan need urgent humanitarian assistance
How can we see improvements in Afghanistan as a result of humanitarian intervention and global governance?
- 2014: 5 million more children in school
- MMR halved since 2001
- Life expectancy increased from 55 (2000) to 61 (2013)
Outline 4 positive impacts of global governance.
- Democracy
- Increased peace
- Improved freedoms
- 5 million more children at school - 40 per cent girls
Outline 4 negative impacts of global governance in Afghanistan.
- Cost US$1 trillion
- 5000 Americans killed/500 British killed
- Collateral damage
- Locals who help are more at risk
Give a brief summary of Honduras.
- One of least developed countries in Central America
- Employment: 39% agri/ 21% industry/ 40% services
- Politically unstable
- Hurricane Mitch in 1998
What are the main human rights violations in Honduras?
- Unlawful use of force
- Police corruption
- One of highest murder rates in the world
- Discrimination
- Limited access to services
How has the UN tried to help Honduras?
- Sent Human Rights Adviser
- Coordinate projects with Honduran gov
How has the USA contributed to Honduras?
- US$50 million in security aid
- Central American Regional Security Initiative
Briefly explain how Kenco Coffee has helped Honduras.
- Education scheme
- Coffee vs Gangs scheme
- Trains/employs 114,000 coffee farmers
What are some of the opportunities brought about through global governance in Honduras?
- Bilateral links with USA
- Community effort to prevent crime,
- Improving healthcare and education,
- Access to CAFTA-DR which helps trade
What are some of the challengers caused by global governance in Honduras?
- Rich-poor inequality
- Rural-urban migration,
- Injustice
- Discrimination against indigenous population
Define human rights.
- Basic rights and freedoms that all humans are entitled to
What was the name of the document that entailed all basic human rights? When was it signed?
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- 1948
How many human rights are included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- 30
What are human rights norms?
- Ways of living that have been inculcated into the culture of a country or area over a long period of time
Is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights legally binding?
- No
Are human rights protected by international law?
- Yes
What does the term geopolitics mean?
- Global balance of political powers and international relations
How is geopolitics complex?
- It depends on perspective
- Inequalities between individual states, organisations, supranational organisations
- All have influence
What areas does the geopolitics of intervention in human rights require certain knowledge of? (6)
- Political composition
- Nature of the intervention
- Reasons why it is necessary
- Characteristics of country, government and people
- Political, socio-economic, environmental consequences
- Complexity of human rights
Define gender inequality.
- The unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender
How did the Millennium Development Goals aid in promoting gender inequality?
- 2 goals dedicated to improving lives of women, female empowerment and gender inequality
Give four factors that influence female educational participation in developing countries.
- Costs can restrict all children in a family attending secondary school
- Domestic obligations often fall on elder daughters
- Inadequate sanitation in schools
- Insufficient government investment
Give four factors affecting female reproductive health in developing countries.
- Harmful traditional practices such as FGM
- Gender bias in education limits access to information
- Sexual violence
- Early forced marriage/pregnancy
How many births occur daily in developing countries where the mother is under the age of 18?
- 20,000
How can early pregnancy impact girls and women lives?
- Education ends
- Job opportunity diminish
- Vulnerable to poverty and exclusion
- Health suffers
Name two NGOs that are seeking to resolve issues regarding women’s rights in developing countries.
- Womenkind
- ICRW
