Solutions Flashcards
Advantages of solutions (4)
- can be used externally
- drugs absorbed in dissolved state
- easily adjusted
- convenient for those unable to swallow solid dosage
Disadvantages of solutions (4)
- hard to do taste masking
- drug may not be stable
- bulky and heavy
- dose measurement inaccurate
Ways to make purified water (3)
- distillation
- ion exchange resin
- reverse osmosis
What method?
Cation and Anion exchangers used successively or simultaneously to remove both cations and anions from water (uses demineralized or deionized water)
Ion-exchange method
solubility vs. saturated solution
Concentration of solute in a saturated solution
at a certain temperature
solubility
solubility vs. saturated solution
Has dissolved the maximum amount of solute possible
at a given temperature
saturated solution
The U. S. Pharmacopeia and National Formulary lists the solubility of drugs as the number of _______ of solvent in which ____ of solute will dissolve.
milliliters; 1 gram
Alcohol is a widely used solvent, but has ____ at concentrations greater than 15%
preservative
What are some examples of commonly used solvents? (3)
- glycerin
- propylene glycol (PG)
- PEG 400
______ is a 85% solution of sucrose in purified water
simple syrup
Concentrated sugar solutions are……
resistant to microbial growth–> generally no preservative needed
T/F Sucrose can be replaced in whole or in part by other sugars
TRUE
T/F The characteristic viscosity and sweetness of syrup can mask the taste of added medicinal agents
TRUE
How can syrups be prepared? (3)
- solution with heat
- agitation without heat
- percolation
percolation
a column with sucrose and liquid is passed through to dissolve the sucrose
Stability?
Dodecyl gallate; octyl gallate, propyl gallate;
BHA, BHT
Vitamin E
antioxidants-> prevent oxidation
Stability?
Citric Acid and EDTA
cheating agents–> minimize metal effect
Preservatives help to protect against_______
microbial contamination
Elixir = _______ + _______
water + alcohol
What can elixirs dissolve? (2)
- water soluble
- alcohol soluble
_______ clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use
elixir
_____ replace the ions/fluid lost by diarrhea
oral rehydration solutions
nasal solutions are ____ to the nasal fluid and buffered to the normal pH range of 5.5 to 6.5
isotonic
_____ glycerin is used in ear drops
anhydrous
anhydrous
viscosity and removal of moisture (takes out water that may be in the ear)
douches, enemas, gargles, mouth washes are all examples of ….
solutions
T/F Solutions can be in a dry powder form then reconstituted for use within 7-14 days
TRUE
