Solutions Flashcards
Advantages of solutions (4)
- can be used externally
- drugs absorbed in dissolved state
- easily adjusted
- convenient for those unable to swallow solid dosage
Disadvantages of solutions (4)
- hard to do taste masking
- drug may not be stable
- bulky and heavy
- dose measurement inaccurate
Ways to make purified water (3)
- distillation
- ion exchange resin
- reverse osmosis
What method?
Cation and Anion exchangers used successively or simultaneously to remove both cations and anions from water (uses demineralized or deionized water)
Ion-exchange method
solubility vs. saturated solution
Concentration of solute in a saturated solution
at a certain temperature
solubility
solubility vs. saturated solution
Has dissolved the maximum amount of solute possible
at a given temperature
saturated solution
The U. S. Pharmacopeia and National Formulary lists the solubility of drugs as the number of _______ of solvent in which ____ of solute will dissolve.
milliliters; 1 gram
Alcohol is a widely used solvent, but has ____ at concentrations greater than 15%
preservative
What are some examples of commonly used solvents? (3)
- glycerin
- propylene glycol (PG)
- PEG 400
______ is a 85% solution of sucrose in purified water
simple syrup
Concentrated sugar solutions are……
resistant to microbial growth–> generally no preservative needed
T/F Sucrose can be replaced in whole or in part by other sugars
TRUE
T/F The characteristic viscosity and sweetness of syrup can mask the taste of added medicinal agents
TRUE
How can syrups be prepared? (3)
- solution with heat
- agitation without heat
- percolation
percolation
a column with sucrose and liquid is passed through to dissolve the sucrose
Stability?
Dodecyl gallate; octyl gallate, propyl gallate;
BHA, BHT
Vitamin E
antioxidants-> prevent oxidation
Stability?
Citric Acid and EDTA
cheating agents–> minimize metal effect
Preservatives help to protect against_______
microbial contamination
Elixir = _______ + _______
water + alcohol
What can elixirs dissolve? (2)
- water soluble
- alcohol soluble
_______ clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use
elixir
_____ replace the ions/fluid lost by diarrhea
oral rehydration solutions
nasal solutions are ____ to the nasal fluid and buffered to the normal pH range of 5.5 to 6.5
isotonic
_____ glycerin is used in ear drops
anhydrous
