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SOLUTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Type of drug delivery where dermatological product is designed to deliver the drug into the skin in treating dermal disorders

A

TOPICAL DERMATOLOGICAL PRODUCT

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2
Q

Type of drug delivery where product is designed to deliver drugs through the skin (percutaneous absorption) to the general circulation for systemic effects, with the skin not being the target organ

A

TRANSDERMAL PRODUCT

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3
Q

Are semisolid preparations intended for external application of such consistency that they may be readily applied to the skin with or without rubbing

A

OINTMENTS

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4
Q

Ointment that is used for treatment of cutaneous infections

A

MEDICATED OINTMENT

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5
Q

Another term for non-medicated ointment

A

OINTMENT BASES

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6
Q

Test of Microorganisms for dermatological products

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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7
Q

Organisms tested for rectal, urethral or vaginal route

A

yeast
mold

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8
Q

Are semisolid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved or dispersed in either a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion or an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion or in another type of water-washable base.

A

PHARMACEUTICAL CREAM

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9
Q

Advantage of creams over ointment

A

EASIER TO SPREAD & REMOVE

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10
Q

Methods of preparation for creams

A

FUSION METHOD

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11
Q

Are semisolid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jelly-like by the addition of a gelling agent

A

GELS

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12
Q
  • Thicker and stiffer than ointments
  • More absorptive and less greasy than ointments
  • Effective employed to absorb serous secretions and therefore preferred for crusting and oozing lesions
A

PASTES

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13
Q

Example of pastes

A

Zinc oxide
(Lassar’s Plain Zinc Paste)

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14
Q

Are solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread upon a suitable backing material and intended for external application to a part of the body to provide prolonged contact at that site

A

PLASTERS

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15
Q

Substance is melted prior to application, cooled and applied with a fine brush

A

GLYCEROGELATIN

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16
Q

Official Glycerogelatin that is used for the treatment of various ulcers

A

ZINC GELATIN
(Zinc Gelatin Boot)

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17
Q

Are ointment like preparations intended for warm, external application to a body surface for the purpose of reducing inflammation and/or allaying pain

A

CATAPLASM / POULTICES

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18
Q

Examples of cataplasm

A

NUMOTIZINE CATAPLASM

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19
Q

Uses of Ointment

A

protectants
emollients
lubricants

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20
Q

Give the 2 types of ointment

A

medicated ointment
unmedicated ointment

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21
Q

Give examples of medicated ointment

A

Sulfur ointment
Zinc oxide ointment
Whitfield ointment
Compound REsorcinol ointment

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22
Q

Uses of non-medicated ointment

A

protectants
emollients
lubricants

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23
Q

4 types of ointment base

A

oleaginous bases
absorption bases
water-removable bases
water-soluble bases

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24
Q

Examples of Hydrocarbon bases

A

Petrolatum USP
White petrolatum
White ointment
Yellow ointment
Mineral oil

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25
Q

Methods of Preparing ointment

A

Incorporation method
Fusion method
Melting all the components together by increasing temp

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26
Q

Packaging of ointment

A

large-mouth ointment jar
metal or plastic tubes

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27
Q

Types of creams

A

water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion
oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion

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28
Q

Components of a gel

A

gelling agent
water
solvents
antimicrobial preservatives
satbilizers
drug substance

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29
Q

Mode of administration for gels

A

skin
eye
nose
rectum
vagina

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30
Q

Components of Plasters

A

adhesive material
backing material
medicinal substance

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31
Q

Types of Plasters

A

unmedicated
medicated

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32
Q

plasters for protection & mechanical support

A

UNMEDICATED PLASTERS

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33
Q

plasters that provide effects at the site of application

A

MEDICATED PLASTERS

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34
Q

TYPE OF CREAMS

Cold cream

A

water-in-oil

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35
Q

TYPES OF CREAMS

Hydrophilic ointment

A

oil-in-water

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36
Q

TYPE OF PLASTERS

Adhesive tape

A

unmedicated plaster

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37
Q

TYPE OF PLASTERS

Salicylic acid plaster

A

MEDICATED PLASTERS

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38
Q

Components of Glycerogelatin

A

Gelatin
Glycerin
Water
Medicinal substance

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39
Q

COMPONENTS OF GLYCEROGELATIN

how many %:
GELATIN

A

15%

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40
Q

COMPONENTS OF GLYCEROGELATIN

how many %:
GLYCERIN

A

40%

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41
Q

COMPONENTS OF GLYCEROGELATIN

how many %:
WATER

A

35%

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42
Q

COMPONENTS OF GLYCEROGELATIN

how many %:
MEDICINAL SUBSTANCE

A

10%

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43
Q

How cataplasms are applied

A

should be warmed before application & applied with a piece of cloth

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44
Q

is an air-excluding, soft, pliable, analgesic, splint –like covering for surfaces denuded by wound

A

PARAFFIN DRESSING, NF

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45
Q

Any material used as covering, protective, or support for a diseased part

A

SURGICAL DRESSING

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46
Q

semisolid dressing

A

PRIMARY WOUND DRESSING

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47
Q

antiseptic solutions dressing

A

WET DRESSINGS

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48
Q

Another term for oleaginous base

A

HYDROCARBON BASES

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49
Q
  • Water free and contain petrolatum and/or modified petroleum waxes or paraffin oil
  • retained on the skin for prolonged periods
  • Do not permit the escape of moisture from the skin
  • Difficult to wash-off (greasy)
  • Used for emollient and occlusive action
A

HYDROCARBON BASES

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50
Q
  • Are not easily removed from the skin with water washing
  • Useful as pharmaceutical adjuncts to incorporate** small volumes of aqueous solutions** into hydrocarbon bases
A

ABSORPTION BASES

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51
Q
  • Oil-in-Water emulsion resembling creams in appearance
  • Are easily washed from the skin and are often called “WATER-WASHABLE” bases
  • May be diluted with water or with aqueous solutions
A

WATER REMOVABLE BASES

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52
Q
  • They have the ability to absorb serous discharges
  • Commonly referred to as “greaseless” ointment base
  • Water-washable, because of the absence of oleaginous material
  • Soften with the addition of large amount of aqueous solutions
  • PEG3350 (40%)
A

WATER SOLUBLE BASES

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53
Q
  • Provide extended residence time on the surface of the eye.
  • Cleared from the eye as slowly as 0.5% per minute
  • Ointment bases should have a softening point close to body temperature, both for comfort and for drug release
  • Must be packaged in collapsible ointment tubes having elongated narrow tip
  • Must meet USP sterility test and requirements for metal particles
A

OPHTHALMIC

54
Q

Intended for local effects on the mucous membrane and underlying tissues (nasal decongestants)

A

NASAL

55
Q

Used in the topical treatment of vulvovaginal infections, vaginitis, endometrial atrophy and for contraception with spermatocidal agents

A

VAGINAL

56
Q
  • to treat local conditions of anorectal pruritus, inflammation, and the pain and discomfort associated with hemorrhoids
  • are packaged with special perforated plastic tips
A

RECTAL

57
Q
  • applied for skin to treat pathological conditions
  • smooth, non-staining, miscible with skin secretions
A

SEMISOLID PREPARATIONS

58
Q

gives thickness to the preparation

A

VISCOSITY AGENT

59
Q

prevent drying

A

HUMECTANT

60
Q

emulsifying agents are used for

A

CREAMS

61
Q
  • purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum
  • yellowish to light amber in color
  • melts at 38C to 60C
  • also known as yellow petrolatum or petroleum jelly
A

PETROLATUM USP

62
Q

Petrolatum USP is also known as

2

A

yellow etrolatum
petroleum jelly

63
Q

commercial product of Petrolatum USP

A

VASELINE (Chesebrough-Ponds)

64
Q
  • has been wholly or nearly decolorized
  • considered more aesthetically pleasing
  • also known as white petroleum jelly
A

WHITE PETROLATUM

65
Q

White Petrolatum is also known as

A

WHITE PETROLEUM JELLY

66
Q

commercial product of White Petrolatum

A

WHITE VASELINE

67
Q
  • obtained from the honeycomb of the bee Apis mellifera
  • also called as simple ointment
  • has slightly greater viscosity than plain petrolatum
A

YELLOW WAX

68
Q

Yellow wax is also called as

A

SIMPLE OINTMENT

69
Q

yellow wax + petrolatum

A

YELLOW OINTMENT

70
Q
  • decolorized yellow wax
  • bleached & purified yellow wax
A

WHITE WAX

71
Q

white wax + white petrolatum

A

WHITE OINTMENT

72
Q
  • used as emollients
  • do not provide degree of occlusion
  • not easily removed from the skin with water washing
  • useful as pharmaceutical adjuncts to incorporate small volumes of aqueous solutions into hydrocarbon bases
A

ABSORPTION BASES

73
Q
  • cholesterol + stearyl alcohol + white wax + white petrolatum
  • have the capacity to absorb up to three times their weight in water and are useful to help incorporate a water-soluble drug into an oleaginous base
  • Aquaphor & Aquabase
A

HYDROPHILIC PETROLATUM

74
Q

a 50% W/O emulsion

A

EUCERIN

75
Q
  • obtained from the wool of sheep (Ovis aries)
  • a purified waxlike substance that has been cleaned, deodorized, and decolorized
  • contains not more than 0.25% water
A

LANOLIN

76
Q

PEGs that are clear, colorless liquids

A

average molwt below 600

77
Q

PEGs that are waxlike white materials

A

molwt above 1000

78
Q

semisolids PEGs

A

molwt in between 600 & 1000

79
Q

generally applied to dry, scaly skin

A

OINTMENT

80
Q

applied to weeping or oozing surfaces

A

CREAMS

81
Q

applied to intertriginous areas or where friction may occur

between thighs or under the armpit

A

LOTION

82
Q

METHOD OF PREPARATION

  • spatulation with geometric dilution technique
  • trituration using mortar & pestle with levigation
  • pulverization by intervention
A

INCORPORATION

83
Q

allows the pharmacist to place the ingredients in a plastic ointment jar with a special lid that allows for a mixing blade to be used to mix the ingredients in the dispensing container

A

UNGUATOR

84
Q

Levigating agent for bases in which oils are the external phase

A

MINERAL OIL

85
Q

Levigating agent for bases in which water are the external phase

A

GLYCERIN

86
Q

levigating agent should be ____ to the solid material

A

EQUAL

87
Q
  • used for incorporating a gummy material (such as camphor) that cannot be ground or levigated to an impalpable size
  • the material is dissolved in a solvent and spread out on the pill tile
  • the solvent is allowed to evaporate, leaving a thin film of the material onto which the other ingredients are spread
A

PULVERIZATION BY INTERVENTION

88
Q

may be added to oleaginous bases

A

ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS

89
Q

should be mixed with the equal amount of castor oil before incorporation

A

BALSAMS

90
Q

METHODS OF PREPARATION OF OINTMENTS

all or some of the components of an ointment are combined by being melted together and cooled with constant stirring until congealed

A

FUSION METHOD

91
Q

are usually added last when the temperature of the mixture is low enough not to cause decomposition or volatilization of the components

A

HEAT-LABILE SUBSTANCES
VOLATILE COMPONENTS

92
Q

on large scales, fusion method is carried out in

A

LARGE STEAM-JACKETED KETTLES

93
Q

Medicated ointments and ointment bases containing components such as beeswax, paraffin, stearyl alcohol, and high molecular weight PEGs, which do not lend themselves well to mixture by incorporation are prepared by

A

FUSION METHOD

94
Q

FUSION METHOD

materials with the highest melting points are heated to the ___________

A

LOWEST REQUIRED TEMPERATURE

95
Q

FUSION EMTHOD

water-immiscible components such as oil and waxes are melted together in a steam bath about what temperature

A

70C - 75C

96
Q

FUSION METHOD

an aqueous solution of the heat-stable, water-soluble components is prepared and heated to the same temperature as the ____

A

OLEAGINOUS COMPONENTS

97
Q

these are not required to be sterile

A

TOPICAL APPLICATIONS

98
Q

test for semisolid preparations

A

VISCOSITY TEST

99
Q
  • test that include the diffusion cell studies to determine the drug’s release profile from the semisolid product
  • what time the drug produced the effects
A

IN VITRO DRUG RELEASE TEST

100
Q

WHAT TYPE OF GELLING AGENT

carbomer 934

A

synthetic macromolecules

101
Q

WHAT TYPE OF GELLING AGENT

carbocymethylcellulose
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

A

cellulose derivatives

102
Q

high molecular weight water-soluble polymers of acrylic acid cross-linked with allyl ethers of sucrose and/or pentaerythritol

A

CARBOMERS

103
Q

concentration of carbomers as gelling agents

A

0.5% - 2.0%

104
Q

yields the highest viscosity, between 40,000 - 60,000 centipoises as a 0.5% aqueous solution

A

CARBOMER 940

105
Q

gels in which the macromolecules are uniformly distributed throughout the liquid with no apparent boundaries between the dispersed macromlecules and liquid

A

SINGLE-PHASE GELS

106
Q

a gel mass consisting of floccules of small distinct particles is termed

A

TWO-PHASE SYSTEM

107
Q

two-phase system is often referred to as

A

MAGMA

108
Q
  • a clear, colorless gel containing testosterone
  • it is an androgen indicated for replacement therapy in adult males for conditions associated with a deficiency or absence of endogenous testosterone
A

ANDROGEL 1.62%

109
Q

can be administered by teat infusion in veterinary medicine to treat mastitis

A

ANTIBIOTIC-CONTAINING GELS

110
Q

packaging & storage of GELS

A

tight containers
avoid freezing

111
Q
  • generally contain a larger proportion of solid material (about 25%)
  • stiffer & thicker
  • more absorptive & less greasy
  • has the most powder content
A

PASTE

112
Q

not suited for application to the hairy parts of the body

A

PASTE

113
Q

prepared by mixing 25% each of zinc oxide & starch with white petrolatum

A

ZINC OXIDE PASTE
Lassar’s Plain Zinc Paste

114
Q

an example of unmedicated plasters that is waterproof and commonly used in hospitals

A

TEGRADERM

115
Q

the adhesive material in a plaster is a ____

A

RUBBER BASE or SYNTHETIC RESIN

116
Q
  • a plaster used in toes for the removal of corns
  • the horny layers of the skin are removed by the keratolytic action
  • concentration ranges from 10% - 40%
A

SALICYLIC ACID PLASTER

117
Q

limited by the short residence time on the surface of the eye because of rapid removal by tearing and other natural mechanisms

A

OPHTHALMIC DRUG PENETRATION

118
Q

Provide extended residence time on the surface of the eye, increasing the duration of their surface effects and bioavailability for absorption into the ocular tissues.

A

OPHTHALMIC OINTMENTS & GELS

119
Q

ointment bases used for ophthalmics should have a ____ close to _____

A

SOFTENING POINT close to BODY TEMPERATURE

120
Q

most often used as base in medicated and unmedicated ophthalmic ointments

A

white petrolatum
liquid petrolatum (mineral oil)

121
Q

water-absorbing agent that can be added to ophthalmic ointments

A

LANOLIN

122
Q

OPHTHALMIC OINTMENTS & GELS

this form permits water and water-insoluble drugs to be retained within the base

A

GEL BASE

PEG & mineral oil

123
Q

ophthalmic ointment is made uniform and smooth by

A

FINE MILLING

124
Q

are ineffective because neither is capable of penetrating the ointment base

A

STEAM STREILIZATION
ETHYLENE OXIDE METHODS

125
Q

sterilization used for ophthalmic ointments & gels

A

DRY HEAT STERILIZATION

126
Q

bases in anorectal ointments & creams

A

PEG 300 & 3350

127
Q

emulsion cream bases

A

cetyl alcohol
cetyl esters wax
white petrolatum
mineral oil

128
Q

anitmicrobial preservatives

A

methylparaben
propylparaben
bnzyl alcohol
butylated hydroxyanisole

129
Q

rectal ointments and creams are packaged with ____

A

SPECIAL PERFORATED PLASTIC TIPS

130
Q

PROCTOFOAM-HC, SCHWARZ
* for hemorrhoids

A

RECTAL AEROSOL FOAM

131
Q

may be treated locally with hormones dienestrol and progesterone, which are used to restore the vaginal mucosa to its normal state

A

ENDOMETRIAL ATROPHY

DOSAGE (19 decks)

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