DISPERSION SYSTEM Flashcards
It is defined as a liquid preparation containing undissolved or immiscible drugs distributed throughout a vehicle
dispersion system
3 components of Dispersion System and their other name
dispersed phase - internal/discontinuous phase
dispersion medium - external/continuous phase
dispersing agent
OTHER NAME
dispersed phase
internal / discontinuous phase
OTHER NAME
dispersion medium
external / continuous phase
particle size for colloidal dispersion
1nm - 0.5um
particle size for coarse dispersion which is commonly used in suspension and emulsion dosage form
10 - 50 um
10 - 50 um is the particle size for coarse dispersion which is commonly used in ____ and ____ dosage form
suspension & emulsion
particle size for fine dispersion which is commonly used in magmas and gels dosage form
0.5 - 10um
0.5 - 10um is the particle size for fine dispersion which is commonly used in ____ and ____ dosage form
magmas & gels
10 - 50um is the particle size for ____ which is commonly used in suspension and emulsion dosage form
coarse dispersion
0.5 - 10um is the particle size for ____ which is commonly used in magmas and gels dosage form
fine dispersion
Auxilliary label to be placed in product for dispersion system
shake well
Preparations containing finely divided drug particles (the suspensoid) distributed somewhat uniformly throughout a vehicle in which the drug exhibits a minimum degree of solubility
suspension
Reasons for Suspension (3)
improving stability
ease of administration and flexibility
overcome disagreeable taste
Rate of settling of particles is dependent on (3)
should settle slowly & readily redispersed upon shaking
particle size should remain constant throughout the preparation
should pour readily & evenly
particle diameter of suspension
1 - 50um
used to reduce Particle size to a fine particle having 10-50 μm
micropulverization
Particle size reduction to a finer powder under10 μm
fluid energy
The rate of sedimentation of the solid particles is reduced as the particle ____ in size
decrease
- also known as thickening agent
- Used to stabilize suspensions
- Help in lowering the sedimentation rate of the particles in suspension
suspending agent
SUSPENDING AGENT
- Increase the viscosity of water by binding water molecules
- Support the growth of microorganisms
- Mostly anionic, except methylcellulose (neutral) and chitosan (cationic)
- Incompatible with quaternary antibacterial agents
- Mostly are insoluble in alcoholic solutions
hydrophilic colloids
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS
Increase the viscosity of water by ____
BINDING WATER MOLECULES
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS
Support the ____ of microorganisms
GROWTH
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS
Mostly anionic, except ____ (neutral) and ____ (cationic)
methylcellulose - neutral
chitosan - cationic
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS
Incompatible with ____ antibacterial agents
quaternary
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS
Mostly are insoluble in ____
alcoholic solutions
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS
acacia, tragacanth
natural
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS
Methylcellulose (MC)
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)
synthetic
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS | NATURAL
used for internal preparation
acacia
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS | NATURAL
better than acacia
used for external preparation
tragacanth
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS
Clay
Bentonite (Thixotropic in nature)
Magnesium Aluminum silicate (Veegum)
Aluminum hydroxide
inorganic salts
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS | INORGANIC SALTS
thixotropic in nature
bentonite
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS | INORGANIC SALTS
magnesium aluminum silicate is also known as
veegum
too small particle size will lead to ____
caking
the dispersed phase in suspensions is called
suspensoid
the dispersion medium in a suspension is
liquid
the dispersing agent in suspension is called
suspending agent
the dispersed phase and dispersion medium in an emulsion is a
liquid
the dispersing agent in an emulsion is called
emulsifying agent
dispersed phase in aerosol
solid or liquid
dispersion medium in aerosol
gas, propellants
the undissolved or immiscible drug (suspenoid) distributed throughout the liquid vehicle
dispersed phase
internal/discontinuous phase
the liquid vehicle, to which the insoluble drug is distributed
dispersion medium
external/continuous phase
- stabilizes the suspension
- maintains the homogenity of the internal and external phases, after agitation of the contents
dispersing agent / suspending agent
PARTICLE SIZE
coarse dispersions
10 - 50 um
PARTICLE SIZE
fine dispersions
0.5 - 10 um
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS
- used as 35% mucilage
- form colored complex with organic compounds due to peroxidase
acacia
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS
- used as 5% dispersion in water
- does not contain peroxidase
tragacanth
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS
- silicates that are anionic in aqueous dispersion
- strongly hydrated
- exhibit thixotropy
clays
TYPES OF SUSPENSION
- a ready to use liquid suspension
- Written on the label as Oral suspension
- Example antacids and analgesics
READY TO USE LIQUID FORM
TYPES OF SUSPENSION
- requires reconstitution by adding purified water
- Written on the label FOR oral suspension
- Example: antibiotics and products that are not stable for longer time
DRY POWDERS FOR SUSPENSION
TYPES OF SUSPENSION | DRY POWDERS FOR SUSPENSION
EXPIRY DATE:
refrigerated
2 weeks
TYPES OF SUSPENSION | DRY POWDERS FOR SUSPENSION
EXPIRY DATE:
room temp
1 week
TYPES OF SUSPENSION
- the product must have the ability to be successfully administered by a syringe and appropriate needle
- Particles should exhibit syringeability
suspension for injection
ability to pass syringe
syringeability
TYPES OF SUSPENSION
Particle size must not exceed 10 microns
ophthalmic suspension
TYPES OF SUSPENSION
- Fine particles (impalpable) are desired to avoid grittiness when applied to the skin
- The smaller the particle size, the greater the covering and protective power of the preparation
suspensions for topical use
TYPES OF SUSPENSION
- May be employed orally or rectally for diagnostic visualization of the GIT.
Example Barium sulfate for Suspension
rectal suspensions
3 steps in preparing suspension
- wetting of particles
- blending of all ingredients
- packaging & storage of suspension
packaging container for suspension
wide-mouth container
storage condition of suspension
protect from freezing, excessive heat, & light
CLASSES OF SUSPENSION
- Suspensions for external application.
- A low to medium viscosity, topical product, intended to be applied on “unbroken” skin.
- have lower viscosity than Creams and Gels
lotions
methods of preparing lotion
trituration
by chemical reaction method
TYPES OF LOTION | MEDICATED
Kwell (Lindane) Lotion used as
SCABICIDE
TYPES OF LOTION | MEDICATED
Calamine Lotion used as
(2)
antipruritic and protective
Lotion is NOT a ____, it is a suspension
solution
TYPES OF LOTION | MEDICATED
BENZYL BENZOATE LOTION – used as
scabicide
TYPES OF LOTION | MEDICATED
PHENOLATED CALAMINE LOTION used as
(2)
anesthetic & antiseptic
TYPES OF LOTION | MEDICATED
WHITE LOTION used a
(2)
antiseptic & treatmetn for acne
TYPES OF LOTION
- Are applied to hair, scalp, face and hands;
- Popular as sunscreen preparations
non medicated lotions
TYPES OF LOTION | UNMEDICATED
Jergen’s Lotion
emollient
TYPES OF LOTION | UNMEDICATED
Aveeno Lotion
moisturizer
CLASSES OF SUSPENSION
Are semisolid systems consisting of either suspensions made up of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules enclosed and interpenetrated by a liquid
gels
CLASSES OF GELS
Macromolecules are distributed in the dispersion medium in such manner that no apparent boundaries exist between them
SINGPLE PHASE GEL
CLASSES OF GELS
Consist of floccules of small distinct particle and frequently called MAGMA or MILK
TWO PHASE GELS
taking up a certain amount of liquid without a measurable increase in volume
e.g. sponge
IMBIBITION
taking up of a liquid by a gel with an increase in volume
swelling
the dispersion medium is squeezed out in droplets upon standing, and the gel shrinks
syneresis
a phenomenon where a gel becomes fluid when heated or agitated, then resume their semisolid or solid state when undisturbed for a period of time
REVERSIBLE
thixotropy
Formed when liquid is removed from gel and only framework remains
XEROGEL
Preparation of gels
by chemical reaction
by simple hydration
a type of gel that can be prepared by both methods
aluminum hydroxide gel
EXAMPLES OF GELS
Aluminum hydroxide, USP is used as
antacid
EXAMPLES OF GELS
Sodium Flouride and Orthophosphoric Acid Gels are used as
dental prophylactic
EXAMPLES OF GELS
Aluminum Phosphate Gel is used as
antacid
CLASSES OF SUSPENSION
Are aqueous suspensions of insoluble inorganic drugs and differ from gels mainly that the suspended particles are larger
magmas & milks
Example of MAGMAS AND MILKS
Bentonite magma is used as
suspending agent
Example of MAGMAS AND MILKS
Milk of Magnesia is used as
antacid
- Gels and Magma are considered ____ since they contain particles of colloidal dimensions
- Exhibit thixotropic property
colloidal dispersions
a term used to designate a dispersion of solid substance in liquid, solid, or gaseous dispersion medium
sols
CLASSES OF SUSPENSION
- Are aqueous liquid preparations which contain suspended insoluble solid substances and are intended for internal use.
- Less viscous
(not avail in the philippines)
MIXTURES
Kaolin Mixture used for
diarrhea
Kaolin Mixture with Pectin used for
diarrhea
Brown Mixture used for
cough
- A dispersion in which the dispersed phase is composed of small globules of liquid distributed throughout another liquid, in which it is immiscible.
- A two-phase system in which one immiscible liquid is intimately dispersed in another liquid (as droplets)
emulsion
PHASES OF EMULSION
the liquid droplet, internal phase, or discontinuous phase.
DISPERSED PHASE
PHASES OF EMULSION
the liquid vehicle, external phase, or continuous phase
DISPERSION MEDIUM
TYPES OF EMULSION
water is the internal phase and oil is external phase
WATER IN OIL
TYPES OF EMULSION
oil is the internal phase and water is external phase
OIL IN WATER
- size - 1-100μm
- Stability - Kinetically stable
- Appearance - opaque
- Preparation - Require intense agitation for their formation
- Primary emulsion (o/w; w/o)
- Multiple emulsion (o/w/o; w/o/w)
MACROEMULSION
MACROEMULSION
size
1 - 100um
MACROEMULSION
stability
kinetically stable
(will settle at a certain point of time)
MACROEMULSION
appearance
opaque
MACROEMULSION
preparation
require intense agitation
- size - 10-100nm
- Stability - thermodynamically stable
- Appearance - transparent
- Preparation - Generally obtained by gentle mixing of ingredients
Advantage: - More rapid
- Efficient oral absorption of drug
- Enhances TDD through increased diffusion into the skin
microemulsion
MICROEMULSION
size
10 - 100nm
MICROEMULSION
stability
thermodynamically stable
(no chance of separation)
MICROEMULSION
appearance
transparent
MICROEMULSION
preparation
gentle mixing
Purpose of Emulsion
Emulsification enables the pharmacist to prepare ____ of two immiscible liquids
relatively stable and homogenous mixtures
Purpose of Emulsion
Permits administration of a liquid drug in the form of ____ rather than in bulk
minute globules
Purpose of Emulsion
For orally administered emulsions, the o/w type permits ____ administration
palatable
Used to promote and maintain dispersion of finely divided particles of liquid in a vehicle in which it is immiscible
emulsifying agent
EMULSIFYING AGENTS | NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE
used in the preparation of extemporaneous emulsions
ACACIA
EMULSIFYING AGENTS | NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE
Commonly employed as thickening agents in acacia-emulsified products
(2)
TRAGACANTH & AGAR
EMULSIFYING AGENTS | NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE
thickening agent; used with acacia in cod liver oil emulsion
CHRONDUS
EMULSIFYING AGENTS | NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE
acts as an emulsion stabilizer in acacia emulsion
PECTIN
EMULSIFYING AGENTS | NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE
used in preparation of enema
STARCH
These materials form hydrophilic colloids, which, when added to water, generally produce o/w emulsions
NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE
EMULSIFYING AGENT
- Protein substances, such as gelatin, egg yolk, and casein,
- These substances produce oil in water emulsions.
- The disadvantage of gelatin as an emulsifier is that the emulsion frequently is too fluid and becomes more fluid upon standing
NATURAL - ANIMAL SOURCE
EMULSIFYING AGENT | NATURAL - ANIMAL SOURCE
These substances produce ____ emulsions
oil in water
EMULSIFYING AGENT | NATURAL - ANIMAL SOURCE
The disadvantage of ____ as an emulsifier is that the emulsion frequently is too fluid and becomes more fluid upon standing
gelatin
EMULSIFYING AGENT | SYNTHETIC
Used as suspending/thickening agents
METHYLCELLULOSE
EMULSIFYING AGENT | SYNTHETIC
Used as emulsion stabilizer and as suspending/thickening agents
SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE
ALCOHOLS/POLYOLES
High molecular weight alcohols includes ____, ____, and
_____.
stearyl alcohol
ethyl alcohol
glyceryl monostearate
ALCOHOLS/POLYOLES
Primarily as thickening agents and stabilizers for o/w emulsions of certain lotions and ointments used externally
cholesterol
ALCOHOLS/POLYOLES
Cholesterol and cholesterol derivatives may also be employed in externally used emulsions to promote ____ emulsions
water in oil
ALCOHOLS/POLYOLES
used to prepare cream and ointments
carbowaxes (PEG)
ALCOHOLS/POLYOLES
Form w/o emulsion; Rarely used as they darken the preparation
LECITHIN
a type of emulsion that is commonly used in oral preparations
oil in water
SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS
Alkali soaps
Metallic soaps
Monovalent and Polyvalent soaps
triethanolamine oleate Sulfonates
ANIONIC
SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | ANIONIC
form O/W emulsion
ALKALI SOAPS
SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | ANIONIC
form W/O emulsion
Metallic soaps
Monovalent and Polyvalent soaps
SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | ANIONIC
triethanolamine oleate sulfonates is also known as
sodium lauryl sulfate
SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Benzalkonium chloride
Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (cetrimide)
CATIONIC
SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | CATIONIC
Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide is also known as
cetrimide
SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS
Sorbitan esters
Polysorbates
NONIONIC
SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | NONIONIC
SPANS
hydrophobic
low HLB values
form W/O emulsions
SORBITAN ESTERS
SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | NONIONIC
TWEENS
hydrophilic
high HLB values
form O/W emulsions
POLYSORBATES
COLLOIDAL CLAY
Bentonite
o/w, w/o
COLLOIDAL CLAY
oil is added to bentonite
o/w
COLLOIDAL CLAY
bentonite is added to oil
w/o
COLLOIDAL CLAY
magnesium hydroxide
o/w
COLLOIDAL CLAY
aluminum hydroxide
o/w
HYDROPHILE – LIPOPHILE BALANCE (HLB System) used to classify ____ surfactants
nonionic
High HLB values (>10) and Form O/W emulsion
hydrophilic surfactants
Low HLB values (1-10) and Form W/O emulsion
lipophilic surfactants
THEORIES OF EMULSIFICATION
The use of surfactants result in the lowering of interfacial tension between two immiscible liquids
SURFACE TENSION THEROY
THEORIES OF EMULSIFICATION
This theory assumes monomolecular layers of emulsifying agent curved around a droplet of the internal phase
ORIENTED WEDGE THEORY
THEORIES OF EMULSIFICATION
This theory places the emulsifying agent at the interface between the oil and water, surrounding the droplets of the** internal phase** as a thin layer of film adsorbed on the surface of the drops
PLASTIC FILM THEORY or INTERFACIAL FILM THEORY
METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION
- Known as (English method) and 4:2:1 of oil:water:gum
- emulsifying agent is added to the water (in which it is soluble) to form a mucilage, and then the oil is slowly incorporated to form the emulsion
WET GUM METHOD
METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION
WET GUM METHOD is also known as
ENGLISH METHOD
4:2:1method
METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION
- Continental method and 4:2:1 ratio of oil: water: gum
- the emulsifying agent (usually acacia) is mixed with the oil before the addition of water
DRY GUM METHOD
METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION
DRY GUM METHOD is also known as
Continental method
4:2:1 method
METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION
- Forbes Bottle method or 2:2:1 method
- 2:2:1 ratio of oil:water:gum
- Applicable to emulsions containing Volatile Oils.
bottle method
METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION
BOTTLE METHOD is also known as
Forbes Bottle Method
2:2:1 method
METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION
- calcium soaps and soft soaps.
- Calcium soaps are w/o emulsions that contain certain vegetable oils, such as oleic acid, in combination with limewater
- Oil phase - olive oil ( fatty acid is oleic acid)
- Water phase - limewater (freshly prepared)
- Emulsifying agent: calcium oleate
- Method use: Forbes bottle method
- Mortar method: when it contains zinc oxide and calamine
IN SITU SOAP METHOD or NONSCENT METHOD
METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD
Calcium soaps are w/o emulsions that contain certain vegetable oils, such as ____, in combination with limewater
oleic acid
METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD
Calcium soaps are w/o emulsions that contain certain vegetable oils, such as oleic acid, in combination with ____
limewater
METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD
oil phase
olive oil
METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD
water phase
limewater
METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD
emulsifying agent
calcium oleate
METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD
method used
forbes bottle method
METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD
mortar method
when it contains zinc oxide and calamine
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION
Uses methylene blue or brilliant blue or amaranth dye
dye solubility test
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | DYE SOLUBILITY TEST
If the dye is dissolved and uniformly diffuse
O/W
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | DYE SOLUBILITY TEST
If the particle of the dye lie in clumps on the surface
W/O
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION
If freely mixes with water – O/W emulsion
If not diluted with water – W/O emulsion
DILUTION TEST
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | DILUTION TEST
If freely mixes with water
O/W
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | DILUTION TEST
If not diluted with water
W/O
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION
Conducts electric current - O/W emulsion
do not conduct electric current - W/O emulsion
ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY TEST
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY
Conducts electric current
O/W
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY
do not conduct electric current
W/O
STABILITY OF EMULSION
Aggregates of globules of the internal phase rise to the top or fall to the bottom of emulsion
CREAMING
STABILITY OF EMULSION
Takes place when the internal phase has a lesser density than the external phase
UPWARD CREAMING
STABILITY OF EMULSION
Takes place if the internal phase is denser than the external phase
REVERSIBLE (thru agitation)
DOWNWARD CREAMING
STABILITY OF EMULSION
the process in which two or more droplet “stick” together to form an aggregates
FLOCCULATION
STABILITY OF EMULSION
the process in which two or more droplets merge together to form a single large droplets
destroyed
COALESCENCE
STABILITY OF EMULSION
the process in which the o/w emulsion changes to w/o emulsion or vice versa
IRREVERSIBLE, WORST
PHASE INVERSION
other term for downward creaming
SEDIMENTATION
are pressurized dosage forms that, upon actuation, emit a fine dispersion of liquid and/or solid materials containing one or more active ingredients in a gaseous medium
AEROSOL
Aerosol container is known as
pressurized package
designed to expel their contents as a fine mist; a coarse, wet, or dry spray; a steady stream; or a stable or a fast-breaking foam
aerosol products
TYPES OF AEROSOLS
- commonly known as metered-dose inhalers (MDIs)
- produce fine particles or droplets for inhalation through the mouth and deposition in the pulmonary tree
INHALATION AEROSOLS
TYPES OF AEROSOLS
- known as nasal MDIs
- produce fine particles or droplets for delivery through the nasal vestibule and deposition in the nasal cavity
NASAL AEROSOLS
TYPES OF AEROSOLS
are intended to produce fine particles or droplets for deposition on the surface of the tongue
LINGUAL AEROSOLS
TYPES OF AEROSOLS
produce fine particles or droplets for application to the skin
TOPICAL AEROSOLS
advantages of aerosols
- easily withdrawn from package without contamination
- protects medicinal agents affected by atmospheric oxygen & moisture
- applied in uniform layer to the skin without anything else touching the affected area
- use of metered valves – dosage may be controlled
- clean process – requiring little to no washup
disadvantages of aerosols
- costly
- some are very toxic (chlorofluorocarbon0
- cooling effect of highly volative porpellants may cause discomfort
- should be kept from high temperature and fire; may develop high pressure
- lot of difficulties are faced if the drug is not soluble with propellant
Product concentrate of aerosol
active ingredients
anti-oxidant
surfactants
solvent
Types of propellant
chlorofluorocarbon
tricholomonofluoromethane
dichlorofluoromethane
dichlorotetrafluoroethane
LIQUEFIED GAS
Types of propellant
carbon dioxide
nitrogen
nitrous oxide
compressed gas
The pressure of an aerosol is controlled by
- type & amount of propellant
- nature & amount of product concentrate
Types of aerosol
- glass
- metal
- plastic
AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY
Button that user press to activate the valve assembly for emission of the product
ACTUATOR
AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY
Support the actuator and delivers the formulation in the proper form to the chamber of the actuator
STEM
AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY
Prevents leakage of the formulation when the valve is closed
GASKET
AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY
Holds the gasket in place and return the valve to closed position when pressure is released
SPRING
AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY
Holds the valve in place
MOUNTING CAP
AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY
Links dip tube , stem and actuator
HOUSING
AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY
- Extend from housing down into the product
- Brings formulation from the container to the valve
DIP TUBE
- Devices that allow a drug to be inhaled as a fine mist of drug or drug containing particles for systemic or pulmonary delivery
- Use special metering valves to regulate the amount of formulation and the drug that is dispensed in each dose
- Commonly employed in asthma therapy
METERED DOSE INHALER
WAYS TO PREPARE AEROSOL
Product concentrate and propellant are cooled at -34.5 to -40°C
COLD FILLING
WAYS TO PREPARE AEROSOL | COLD FILLING
temperature used
-34.5C to -40C
WAYS TO PREPARE AEROSOL
- The product concentrate is quantitatively placed in the aerosol container, the valve assembly is inserted and crimped into place, and the liquefied gas, under pressure, is metered into the valve stem from a pressure burette
- used for most pharmaceutical aerosol
- Less danger of moisture contamination of the product
- Less propellant is lost
PRESSURE FILLING
WAYS TO USE METERED DOSE INHALER
for normal adult
shake
remove the mouthpiece
exhale
inhale then spray
WAYS TO USE METERED DOSE INHALER
for baby, geriatic
use of aero chamber known as spacer
WAYS TO USE METERED DOSE INHALER
aero chamber is also known as
spacer
WAYS TO USE METERED DOSE INHALER
what to do after:
adults
wash mouth
WAYS TO USE METERED DOSE INHALER
what to do:
for babies
mouth & tounge should be washed first to prevent oral thrush
is an emulsion dosage form containing dispersed gas bubbles packaged in pressurized containers or special dispensing devices and are intended for application to the skin or mucous membranes
FOAM
