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DOSAGE > DISPERSION SYSTEM > Flashcards

DISPERSION SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

It is defined as a liquid preparation containing undissolved or immiscible drugs distributed throughout a vehicle

A

dispersion system

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2
Q

3 components of Dispersion System and their other name

A

dispersed phase - internal/discontinuous phase
dispersion medium - external/continuous phase
dispersing agent

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3
Q

OTHER NAME

dispersed phase

A

internal / discontinuous phase

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4
Q

OTHER NAME

dispersion medium

A

external / continuous phase

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5
Q

particle size for colloidal dispersion

A

1nm - 0.5um

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6
Q

particle size for coarse dispersion which is commonly used in suspension and emulsion dosage form

A

10 - 50 um

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7
Q

10 - 50 um is the particle size for coarse dispersion which is commonly used in ____ and ____ dosage form

A

suspension & emulsion

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8
Q

particle size for fine dispersion which is commonly used in magmas and gels dosage form

A

0.5 - 10um

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9
Q

0.5 - 10um is the particle size for fine dispersion which is commonly used in ____ and ____ dosage form

A

magmas & gels

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10
Q

10 - 50um is the particle size for ____ which is commonly used in suspension and emulsion dosage form

A

coarse dispersion

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11
Q

0.5 - 10um is the particle size for ____ which is commonly used in magmas and gels dosage form

A

fine dispersion

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12
Q

Auxilliary label to be placed in product for dispersion system

A

shake well

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13
Q

Preparations containing finely divided drug particles (the suspensoid) distributed somewhat uniformly throughout a vehicle in which the drug exhibits a minimum degree of solubility

A

suspension

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14
Q

Reasons for Suspension (3)

A

improving stability
ease of administration and flexibility
overcome disagreeable taste

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15
Q

Rate of settling of particles is dependent on (3)

A

should settle slowly & readily redispersed upon shaking
particle size should remain constant throughout the preparation
should pour readily & evenly

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16
Q

particle diameter of suspension

A

1 - 50um

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17
Q

used to reduce Particle size to a fine particle having 10-50 μm

A

micropulverization

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18
Q

Particle size reduction to a finer powder under10 μm

A

fluid energy

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19
Q

The rate of sedimentation of the solid particles is reduced as the particle ____ in size

A

decrease

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20
Q
  • also known as thickening agent
  • Used to stabilize suspensions
  • Help in lowering the sedimentation rate of the particles in suspension
A

suspending agent

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21
Q

SUSPENDING AGENT

  • Increase the viscosity of water by binding water molecules
  • Support the growth of microorganisms
  • Mostly anionic, except methylcellulose (neutral) and chitosan (cationic)
  • Incompatible with quaternary antibacterial agents
  • Mostly are insoluble in alcoholic solutions
A

hydrophilic colloids

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22
Q

SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS

Increase the viscosity of water by ____

A

BINDING WATER MOLECULES

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23
Q

SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS

Support the ____ of microorganisms

A

GROWTH

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24
Q

SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS

Mostly anionic, except ____ (neutral) and ____ (cationic)

A

methylcellulose - neutral
chitosan - cationic

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25
Q

SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS

Incompatible with ____ antibacterial agents

A

quaternary

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26
Q

SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS

Mostly are insoluble in ____

A

alcoholic solutions

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27
Q

SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS

acacia, tragacanth

A

natural

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28
Q

SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS

Methylcellulose (MC)
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)

A

synthetic

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29
Q

SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS | NATURAL

used for internal preparation

A

acacia

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30
Q

SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS | NATURAL

better than acacia
used for external preparation

A

tragacanth

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31
Q

SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS

Clay
Bentonite (Thixotropic in nature)
Magnesium Aluminum silicate (Veegum)
Aluminum hydroxide

A

inorganic salts

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32
Q

SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS | INORGANIC SALTS

thixotropic in nature

A

bentonite

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33
Q

SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS | INORGANIC SALTS

magnesium aluminum silicate is also known as

A

veegum

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34
Q

too small particle size will lead to ____

A

caking

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35
Q

the dispersed phase in suspensions is called

A

suspensoid

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36
Q

the dispersion medium in a suspension is

A

liquid

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37
Q

the dispersing agent in suspension is called

A

suspending agent

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38
Q

the dispersed phase and dispersion medium in an emulsion is a

A

liquid

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39
Q

the dispersing agent in an emulsion is called

A

emulsifying agent

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40
Q

dispersed phase in aerosol

A

solid or liquid

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41
Q

dispersion medium in aerosol

A

gas, propellants

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42
Q

the undissolved or immiscible drug (suspenoid) distributed throughout the liquid vehicle

A

dispersed phase
internal/discontinuous phase

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43
Q

the liquid vehicle, to which the insoluble drug is distributed

A

dispersion medium
external/continuous phase

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44
Q
  • stabilizes the suspension
  • maintains the homogenity of the internal and external phases, after agitation of the contents
A

dispersing agent / suspending agent

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45
Q

PARTICLE SIZE

coarse dispersions

A

10 - 50 um

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46
Q

PARTICLE SIZE

fine dispersions

A

0.5 - 10 um

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47
Q

SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS

  • used as 35% mucilage
  • form colored complex with organic compounds due to peroxidase
A

acacia

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48
Q

SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS

  • used as 5% dispersion in water
  • does not contain peroxidase
A

tragacanth

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49
Q

SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS

  • silicates that are anionic in aqueous dispersion
  • strongly hydrated
  • exhibit thixotropy
A

clays

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50
Q

TYPES OF SUSPENSION

  • a ready to use liquid suspension
  • Written on the label as Oral suspension
  • Example antacids and analgesics
A

READY TO USE LIQUID FORM

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51
Q

TYPES OF SUSPENSION

  • requires reconstitution by adding purified water
  • Written on the label FOR oral suspension
  • Example: antibiotics and products that are not stable for longer time
A

DRY POWDERS FOR SUSPENSION

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52
Q

TYPES OF SUSPENSION | DRY POWDERS FOR SUSPENSION

EXPIRY DATE:
refrigerated

A

2 weeks

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53
Q

TYPES OF SUSPENSION | DRY POWDERS FOR SUSPENSION

EXPIRY DATE:
room temp

A

1 week

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54
Q

TYPES OF SUSPENSION

  • the product must have the ability to be successfully administered by a syringe and appropriate needle
  • Particles should exhibit syringeability
A

suspension for injection

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55
Q

ability to pass syringe

A

syringeability

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56
Q

TYPES OF SUSPENSION

Particle size must not exceed 10 microns

A

ophthalmic suspension

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57
Q

TYPES OF SUSPENSION

  • Fine particles (impalpable) are desired to avoid grittiness when applied to the skin
  • The smaller the particle size, the greater the covering and protective power of the preparation
A

suspensions for topical use

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58
Q

TYPES OF SUSPENSION

  • May be employed orally or rectally for diagnostic visualization of the GIT.
    Example Barium sulfate for Suspension
A

rectal suspensions

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59
Q

3 steps in preparing suspension

A
  1. wetting of particles
  2. blending of all ingredients
  3. packaging & storage of suspension
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60
Q

packaging container for suspension

A

wide-mouth container

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61
Q

storage condition of suspension

A

protect from freezing, excessive heat, & light

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62
Q

CLASSES OF SUSPENSION

  • Suspensions for external application.
  • A low to medium viscosity, topical product, intended to be applied on “unbroken” skin.
  • have lower viscosity than Creams and Gels
A

lotions

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63
Q

methods of preparing lotion

A

trituration
by chemical reaction method

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64
Q

TYPES OF LOTION | MEDICATED

Kwell (Lindane) Lotion used as

A

SCABICIDE

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65
Q

TYPES OF LOTION | MEDICATED

Calamine Lotion used as

(2)

A

antipruritic and protective

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66
Q

Lotion is NOT a ____, it is a suspension

A

solution

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67
Q

TYPES OF LOTION | MEDICATED

BENZYL BENZOATE LOTION – used as

A

scabicide

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68
Q

TYPES OF LOTION | MEDICATED

PHENOLATED CALAMINE LOTION used as

(2)

A

anesthetic & antiseptic

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69
Q

TYPES OF LOTION | MEDICATED

WHITE LOTION used a

(2)

A

antiseptic & treatmetn for acne

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70
Q

TYPES OF LOTION

  • Are applied to hair, scalp, face and hands;
  • Popular as sunscreen preparations
A

non medicated lotions

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71
Q

TYPES OF LOTION | UNMEDICATED

Jergen’s Lotion

A

emollient

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72
Q

TYPES OF LOTION | UNMEDICATED

Aveeno Lotion

A

moisturizer

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73
Q

CLASSES OF SUSPENSION

Are semisolid systems consisting of either suspensions made up of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules enclosed and interpenetrated by a liquid

A

gels

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74
Q

CLASSES OF GELS

Macromolecules are distributed in the dispersion medium in such manner that no apparent boundaries exist between them

A

SINGPLE PHASE GEL

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75
Q

CLASSES OF GELS

Consist of floccules of small distinct particle and frequently called MAGMA or MILK

A

TWO PHASE GELS

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76
Q

taking up a certain amount of liquid without a measurable increase in volume

e.g. sponge

A

IMBIBITION

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77
Q

taking up of a liquid by a gel with an increase in volume

A

swelling

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78
Q

the dispersion medium is squeezed out in droplets upon standing, and the gel shrinks

A

syneresis

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79
Q

a phenomenon where a gel becomes fluid when heated or agitated, then resume their semisolid or solid state when undisturbed for a period of time

REVERSIBLE

A

thixotropy

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80
Q

Formed when liquid is removed from gel and only framework remains

A

XEROGEL

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81
Q

Preparation of gels

A

by chemical reaction
by simple hydration

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82
Q

a type of gel that can be prepared by both methods

A

aluminum hydroxide gel

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83
Q

EXAMPLES OF GELS

Aluminum hydroxide, USP is used as

A

antacid

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84
Q

EXAMPLES OF GELS

Sodium Flouride and Orthophosphoric Acid Gels are used as

A

dental prophylactic

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85
Q

EXAMPLES OF GELS

Aluminum Phosphate Gel is used as

A

antacid

86
Q

CLASSES OF SUSPENSION

Are aqueous suspensions of insoluble inorganic drugs and differ from gels mainly that the suspended particles are larger

A

magmas & milks

87
Q

Example of MAGMAS AND MILKS

Bentonite magma is used as

A

suspending agent

88
Q

Example of MAGMAS AND MILKS

Milk of Magnesia is used as

A

antacid

89
Q
  • Gels and Magma are considered ____ since they contain particles of colloidal dimensions
  • Exhibit thixotropic property
A

colloidal dispersions

90
Q

a term used to designate a dispersion of solid substance in liquid, solid, or gaseous dispersion medium

A

sols

91
Q

CLASSES OF SUSPENSION

  • Are aqueous liquid preparations which contain suspended insoluble solid substances and are intended for internal use.
  • Less viscous

(not avail in the philippines)

A

MIXTURES

92
Q

Kaolin Mixture used for

A

diarrhea

93
Q

Kaolin Mixture with Pectin used for

A

diarrhea

94
Q

Brown Mixture used for

A

cough

95
Q
  • A dispersion in which the dispersed phase is composed of small globules of liquid distributed throughout another liquid, in which it is immiscible.
  • A two-phase system in which one immiscible liquid is intimately dispersed in another liquid (as droplets)
A

emulsion

96
Q

PHASES OF EMULSION

the liquid droplet, internal phase, or discontinuous phase.

A

DISPERSED PHASE

97
Q

PHASES OF EMULSION

the liquid vehicle, external phase, or continuous phase

A

DISPERSION MEDIUM

98
Q

TYPES OF EMULSION

water is the internal phase and oil is external phase

A

WATER IN OIL

99
Q

TYPES OF EMULSION

oil is the internal phase and water is external phase

A

OIL IN WATER

100
Q
  • size - 1-100μm
  • Stability - Kinetically stable
  • Appearance - opaque
  • Preparation - Require intense agitation for their formation
  • Primary emulsion (o/w; w/o)
  • Multiple emulsion (o/w/o; w/o/w)
A

MACROEMULSION

101
Q

MACROEMULSION

size

A

1 - 100um

102
Q

MACROEMULSION

stability

A

kinetically stable

(will settle at a certain point of time)

103
Q

MACROEMULSION

appearance

A

opaque

104
Q

MACROEMULSION

preparation

A

require intense agitation

105
Q
  • size - 10-100nm
  • Stability - thermodynamically stable
  • Appearance - transparent
  • Preparation - Generally obtained by gentle mixing of ingredients
    Advantage:
  • More rapid
  • Efficient oral absorption of drug
  • Enhances TDD through increased diffusion into the skin
A

microemulsion

106
Q

MICROEMULSION

size

A

10 - 100nm

107
Q

MICROEMULSION

stability

A

thermodynamically stable

(no chance of separation)

108
Q

MICROEMULSION

appearance

A

transparent

109
Q

MICROEMULSION

preparation

A

gentle mixing

110
Q

Purpose of Emulsion

Emulsification enables the pharmacist to prepare ____ of two immiscible liquids

A

relatively stable and homogenous mixtures

111
Q

Purpose of Emulsion

Permits administration of a liquid drug in the form of ____ rather than in bulk

A

minute globules

112
Q

Purpose of Emulsion

For orally administered emulsions, the o/w type permits ____ administration

A

palatable

113
Q

Used to promote and maintain dispersion of finely divided particles of liquid in a vehicle in which it is immiscible

A

emulsifying agent

114
Q

EMULSIFYING AGENTS | NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE

used in the preparation of extemporaneous emulsions

A

ACACIA

115
Q

EMULSIFYING AGENTS | NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE

Commonly employed as thickening agents in acacia-emulsified products

(2)

A

TRAGACANTH & AGAR

116
Q

EMULSIFYING AGENTS | NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE

thickening agent; used with acacia in cod liver oil emulsion

A

CHRONDUS

117
Q

EMULSIFYING AGENTS | NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE

acts as an emulsion stabilizer in acacia emulsion

A

PECTIN

118
Q

EMULSIFYING AGENTS | NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE

used in preparation of enema

A

STARCH

119
Q

These materials form hydrophilic colloids, which, when added to water, generally produce o/w emulsions

A

NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE

120
Q

EMULSIFYING AGENT

  • Protein substances, such as gelatin, egg yolk, and casein,
  • These substances produce oil in water emulsions.
  • The disadvantage of gelatin as an emulsifier is that the emulsion frequently is too fluid and becomes more fluid upon standing
A

NATURAL - ANIMAL SOURCE

121
Q

EMULSIFYING AGENT | NATURAL - ANIMAL SOURCE

These substances produce ____ emulsions

A

oil in water

122
Q

EMULSIFYING AGENT | NATURAL - ANIMAL SOURCE

The disadvantage of ____ as an emulsifier is that the emulsion frequently is too fluid and becomes more fluid upon standing

A

gelatin

123
Q

EMULSIFYING AGENT | SYNTHETIC

Used as suspending/thickening agents

A

METHYLCELLULOSE

124
Q

EMULSIFYING AGENT | SYNTHETIC

Used as emulsion stabilizer and as suspending/thickening agents

A

SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE

125
Q

ALCOHOLS/POLYOLES

High molecular weight alcohols includes ____, ____, and
_____.

A

stearyl alcohol
ethyl alcohol
glyceryl monostearate

126
Q

ALCOHOLS/POLYOLES

Primarily as thickening agents and stabilizers for o/w emulsions of certain lotions and ointments used externally

A

cholesterol

127
Q

ALCOHOLS/POLYOLES

Cholesterol and cholesterol derivatives may also be employed in externally used emulsions to promote ____ emulsions

A

water in oil

128
Q

ALCOHOLS/POLYOLES

used to prepare cream and ointments

A

carbowaxes (PEG)

129
Q

ALCOHOLS/POLYOLES

Form w/o emulsion; Rarely used as they darken the preparation

A

LECITHIN

130
Q

a type of emulsion that is commonly used in oral preparations

A

oil in water

131
Q

SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS

Alkali soaps
Metallic soaps
Monovalent and Polyvalent soaps
triethanolamine oleate Sulfonates

A

ANIONIC

132
Q

SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | ANIONIC

form O/W emulsion

A

ALKALI SOAPS

133
Q

SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | ANIONIC

form W/O emulsion

A

Metallic soaps
Monovalent and Polyvalent soaps

134
Q

SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | ANIONIC

triethanolamine oleate sulfonates is also known as

A

sodium lauryl sulfate

135
Q

SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS

Quaternary ammonium compounds
Benzalkonium chloride
Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (cetrimide)

A

CATIONIC

136
Q

SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | CATIONIC

Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide is also known as

A

cetrimide

137
Q

SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS

Sorbitan esters
Polysorbates

A

NONIONIC

138
Q

SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | NONIONIC

SPANS
hydrophobic
low HLB values
form W/O emulsions

A

SORBITAN ESTERS

139
Q

SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | NONIONIC

TWEENS
hydrophilic
high HLB values
form O/W emulsions

A

POLYSORBATES

140
Q

COLLOIDAL CLAY

Bentonite

A

o/w, w/o

141
Q

COLLOIDAL CLAY

oil is added to bentonite

A

o/w

142
Q

COLLOIDAL CLAY

bentonite is added to oil

A

w/o

143
Q

COLLOIDAL CLAY

magnesium hydroxide

A

o/w

144
Q

COLLOIDAL CLAY

aluminum hydroxide

A

o/w

145
Q

HYDROPHILE – LIPOPHILE BALANCE (HLB System) used to classify ____ surfactants

A

nonionic

146
Q

High HLB values (>10) and Form O/W emulsion

A

hydrophilic surfactants

147
Q

Low HLB values (1-10) and Form W/O emulsion

A

lipophilic surfactants

148
Q

THEORIES OF EMULSIFICATION

The use of surfactants result in the lowering of interfacial tension between two immiscible liquids

A

SURFACE TENSION THEROY

149
Q

THEORIES OF EMULSIFICATION

This theory assumes monomolecular layers of emulsifying agent curved around a droplet of the internal phase

A

ORIENTED WEDGE THEORY

150
Q

THEORIES OF EMULSIFICATION

This theory places the emulsifying agent at the interface between the oil and water, surrounding the droplets of the** internal phase** as a thin layer of film adsorbed on the surface of the drops

A

PLASTIC FILM THEORY or INTERFACIAL FILM THEORY

151
Q

METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION

  • Known as (English method) and 4:2:1 of oil:water:gum
  • emulsifying agent is added to the water (in which it is soluble) to form a mucilage, and then the oil is slowly incorporated to form the emulsion
A

WET GUM METHOD

152
Q

METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION

WET GUM METHOD is also known as

A

ENGLISH METHOD
4:2:1method

153
Q

METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION

  • Continental method and 4:2:1 ratio of oil: water: gum
  • the emulsifying agent (usually acacia) is mixed with the oil before the addition of water
A

DRY GUM METHOD

154
Q

METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION

DRY GUM METHOD is also known as

A

Continental method
4:2:1 method

155
Q

METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION

  • Forbes Bottle method or 2:2:1 method
  • 2:2:1 ratio of oil:water:gum
  • Applicable to emulsions containing Volatile Oils.
A

bottle method

156
Q

METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION

BOTTLE METHOD is also known as

A

Forbes Bottle Method
2:2:1 method

157
Q

METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION

  • calcium soaps and soft soaps.
  • Calcium soaps are w/o emulsions that contain certain vegetable oils, such as oleic acid, in combination with limewater
  • Oil phase - olive oil ( fatty acid is oleic acid)
  • Water phase - limewater (freshly prepared)
  • Emulsifying agent: calcium oleate
  • Method use: Forbes bottle method
  • Mortar method: when it contains zinc oxide and calamine
A

IN SITU SOAP METHOD or NONSCENT METHOD

158
Q

METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD

Calcium soaps are w/o emulsions that contain certain vegetable oils, such as ____, in combination with limewater

A

oleic acid

159
Q

METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD

Calcium soaps are w/o emulsions that contain certain vegetable oils, such as oleic acid, in combination with ____

A

limewater

160
Q

METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD

oil phase

A

olive oil

161
Q

METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD

water phase

A

limewater

162
Q

METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD

emulsifying agent

A

calcium oleate

163
Q

METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD

method used

A

forbes bottle method

164
Q

METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD

mortar method

A

when it contains zinc oxide and calamine

165
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION

Uses methylene blue or brilliant blue or amaranth dye

A

dye solubility test

166
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | DYE SOLUBILITY TEST

If the dye is dissolved and uniformly diffuse

A

O/W

167
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | DYE SOLUBILITY TEST

If the particle of the dye lie in clumps on the surface

A

W/O

168
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION

If freely mixes with water – O/W emulsion
If not diluted with water – W/O emulsion

A

DILUTION TEST

169
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | DILUTION TEST

If freely mixes with water

A

O/W

170
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | DILUTION TEST

If not diluted with water

A

W/O

171
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION

Conducts electric current - O/W emulsion
do not conduct electric current - W/O emulsion

A

ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY TEST

172
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY

Conducts electric current

A

O/W

173
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY

do not conduct electric current

A

W/O

174
Q

STABILITY OF EMULSION

Aggregates of globules of the internal phase rise to the top or fall to the bottom of emulsion

A

CREAMING

175
Q

STABILITY OF EMULSION

Takes place when the internal phase has a lesser density than the external phase

A

UPWARD CREAMING

176
Q

STABILITY OF EMULSION

Takes place if the internal phase is denser than the external phase

REVERSIBLE (thru agitation)

A

DOWNWARD CREAMING

177
Q

STABILITY OF EMULSION

the process in which two or more droplet “stick” together to form an aggregates

A

FLOCCULATION

178
Q

STABILITY OF EMULSION

the process in which two or more droplets merge together to form a single large droplets

destroyed

A

COALESCENCE

179
Q

STABILITY OF EMULSION

the process in which the o/w emulsion changes to w/o emulsion or vice versa

IRREVERSIBLE, WORST

A

PHASE INVERSION

180
Q

other term for downward creaming

A

SEDIMENTATION

181
Q

are pressurized dosage forms that, upon actuation, emit a fine dispersion of liquid and/or solid materials containing one or more active ingredients in a gaseous medium

A

AEROSOL

182
Q

Aerosol container is known as

A

pressurized package

183
Q

designed to expel their contents as a fine mist; a coarse, wet, or dry spray; a steady stream; or a stable or a fast-breaking foam

A

aerosol products

184
Q

TYPES OF AEROSOLS

  • commonly known as metered-dose inhalers (MDIs)
  • produce fine particles or droplets for inhalation through the mouth and deposition in the pulmonary tree
A

INHALATION AEROSOLS

185
Q

TYPES OF AEROSOLS

  • known as nasal MDIs
  • produce fine particles or droplets for delivery through the nasal vestibule and deposition in the nasal cavity
A

NASAL AEROSOLS

186
Q

TYPES OF AEROSOLS

are intended to produce fine particles or droplets for deposition on the surface of the tongue

A

LINGUAL AEROSOLS

187
Q

TYPES OF AEROSOLS

produce fine particles or droplets for application to the skin

A

TOPICAL AEROSOLS

188
Q

advantages of aerosols

A
  1. easily withdrawn from package without contamination
  2. protects medicinal agents affected by atmospheric oxygen & moisture
  3. applied in uniform layer to the skin without anything else touching the affected area
  4. use of metered valves – dosage may be controlled
  5. clean process – requiring little to no washup
189
Q

disadvantages of aerosols

A
  1. costly
  2. some are very toxic (chlorofluorocarbon0
  3. cooling effect of highly volative porpellants may cause discomfort
  4. should be kept from high temperature and fire; may develop high pressure
  5. lot of difficulties are faced if the drug is not soluble with propellant
190
Q

Product concentrate of aerosol

A

active ingredients
anti-oxidant
surfactants
solvent

191
Q

Types of propellant

chlorofluorocarbon
tricholomonofluoromethane
dichlorofluoromethane
dichlorotetrafluoroethane

A

LIQUEFIED GAS

192
Q

Types of propellant

carbon dioxide
nitrogen
nitrous oxide

A

compressed gas

193
Q

The pressure of an aerosol is controlled by

A
  1. type & amount of propellant
  2. nature & amount of product concentrate
194
Q

Types of aerosol

A
  1. glass
  2. metal
  3. plastic
195
Q

AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY

Button that user press to activate the valve assembly for emission of the product

A

ACTUATOR

196
Q

AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY

Support the actuator and delivers the formulation in the proper form to the chamber of the actuator

A

STEM

197
Q

AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY

Prevents leakage of the formulation when the valve is closed

A

GASKET

198
Q

AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY

Holds the gasket in place and return the valve to closed position when pressure is released

A

SPRING

199
Q

AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY

Holds the valve in place

A

MOUNTING CAP

200
Q

AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY

Links dip tube , stem and actuator

A

HOUSING

201
Q

AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY

  • Extend from housing down into the product
  • Brings formulation from the container to the valve
A

DIP TUBE

202
Q
  • Devices that allow a drug to be inhaled as a fine mist of drug or drug containing particles for systemic or pulmonary delivery
  • Use special metering valves to regulate the amount of formulation and the drug that is dispensed in each dose
  • Commonly employed in asthma therapy
A

METERED DOSE INHALER

203
Q

WAYS TO PREPARE AEROSOL

Product concentrate and propellant are cooled at -34.5 to -40°C

A

COLD FILLING

204
Q

WAYS TO PREPARE AEROSOL | COLD FILLING

temperature used

A

-34.5C to -40C

205
Q

WAYS TO PREPARE AEROSOL

  • The product concentrate is quantitatively placed in the aerosol container, the valve assembly is inserted and crimped into place, and the liquefied gas, under pressure, is metered into the valve stem from a pressure burette
  • used for most pharmaceutical aerosol
  • Less danger of moisture contamination of the product
  • Less propellant is lost
A

PRESSURE FILLING

206
Q

WAYS TO USE METERED DOSE INHALER

for normal adult

A

shake
remove the mouthpiece
exhale
inhale then spray

207
Q

WAYS TO USE METERED DOSE INHALER

for baby, geriatic

A

use of aero chamber known as spacer

208
Q

WAYS TO USE METERED DOSE INHALER

aero chamber is also known as

A

spacer

209
Q

WAYS TO USE METERED DOSE INHALER

what to do after:
adults

A

wash mouth

210
Q

WAYS TO USE METERED DOSE INHALER

what to do:
for babies

A

mouth & tounge should be washed first to prevent oral thrush

211
Q

is an emulsion dosage form containing dispersed gas bubbles packaged in pressurized containers or special dispensing devices and are intended for application to the skin or mucous membranes

A

FOAM

DOSAGE (19 decks)

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