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DOSAGE > POWDERS & GRANULES > Flashcards

POWDERS & GRANULES Flashcards

1
Q

a mixture of FINELY divided drugs and/or chemicals used internally or externally

A

POWDERS

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2
Q

Latin name of POWDER

A

PULVIS

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3
Q

a type of powder that is dispensed in the form of individual doses and generally dispensed in PAPERS, PROPERLY FOLDED.

A

DIVIDED POWDERS

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4
Q

another term for DIVIDED POWDERS

A

CHARTULA

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5
Q

oral powder, dentifrices, douche powder, dusting powders, insufflations and triturations are known as

A

BULK POWDERS

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6
Q
  • they should be IMPALPABLE and FREE FLOWING
  • easily ADHERE to the SKIN
  • passed through at least no. 100-mesh sieve to minimize skin irritation
A

TOPICAL POWDERS

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7
Q

topical powders should pass through at least no _______ mesh sieve

A

100

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8
Q

are finely divided powders that are intended to be applied in a BODY CAVITY, such as the ears, nose, vagina, tooth socket, or throat

A

INSUFFLIATED POWDERS

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9
Q
  • adherent in insuffliated powders
  • an ethylene oxide polymer with a HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT
  • forms a VISCOUS, MUCOADHESIVE GEL when in contact with moisture
A

POLYOX

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10
Q

4 classes of powders

A

EUTECTICS
HYGROSCOPIC DELIQUESCENT
EFFLORESCENT
EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES

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11
Q

mixture of substances that LIQUEFY when mixed, rubbed or triturated together

A

EUTECTICS

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12
Q

the melting points of many EUTECTIC MIXTURES are ______

A

BELOW ROOM TEMP

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13
Q

will ABSORB MOISTURE from the air

A

HYGROSCOPIC POWDERS

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14
Q

will absorb moisture from the air to the extent that they will partially or wholly LIQUEFY

A

DELIQUESCENT POWDERS

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15
Q

a crystalline powder that contains WATER OF HYDRATION or crystallization. this water can be LIBERATED either during manipulations or on exposure to a low-humidity environment

A

EFFLORESCENT POWDERS

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16
Q

powders will become STICKY and PASTY, or it may even liquefy

A

EFFLORESCENT POWDERS

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17
Q

Powder combinations that may react VIOLENTLY when mixed together

A

EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES

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18
Q

all particles pass through no. 8 sieve and not more than 20% through sieve no. 60

A

VERY COARSE

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19
Q

all particles pass through no. 20 sieve and not more than 40% through sieve no. 80

A

COARSE

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20
Q

all particles pass through no. 40 sieve and not more than 40% through sieve no. 80

A

MODERATELY COARSE

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21
Q

all particles pass through no. 60 sieve and not more than 40% through sieve no. 100

A

FINE

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22
Q

all particles pass through no. 80. there is NO LIMIT as to greater fineness

A

VERY FINE

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23
Q

Powders are passed through a series of sieves of known and successively smaller size

A

SIEVING

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24
Q

sample powders are sized through the use of a calibrated grid background

A

MICROSCOPY

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25
Q

measurement of the TERMINAL SETTLING VELOCITY of particles through a liquid medium in a gravitational or centrifugal environment

A

SEDIMENTATION RATE

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26
Q

involves the REDUCTION OF LIGHT reaching the sensor as the particles (dispersed in liquid or gas) passed through the senzing zone

A

LIGHT ENERGY REDUCTION

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27
Q

PULSED LASER is fired through aerosolized particle spray and is photographed in 3D with a holographic area

A

LASER HOLOGRAPHY

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28
Q

particles are SEPARATED into various size ranges by successively increasing the velocity of the air stream, in which they are carried

A

CASCADE IMPACTION

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29
Q

the process of REDUCING PARTICLE SIZE

A

COMMINUTION

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30
Q

the process of reducing particle size by using MORTAR & PESTLE

A

TRITURATION

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31
Q

used in SMALL SCALE PREPARATION of ointments and suspensions to reduce the particle size and grittiness of added powders. mortar & pestle or ointment tile will be used. PASTE IS FORMED

A

LEVIGATION

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32
Q

what is used in levigation

A

mortar & pestle or ointment tile

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33
Q

commonly used levigating agent

A

MINERAL OIL
GLYCERIN

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34
Q

commonly used for GUMMY SUBSTANCES wherein the volatile solvent will be used to reduce the particle size

A

PULVERIZATION BY INTERVENTION

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35
Q

commonly used SOLVENT

A

ALCOHOL

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36
Q

is BLENDING small amounts of powders by movement of SPATULA through them on a sheet of paper or ointment tile

A

SPATULATION

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37
Q

powders are mixed by passing them through SIFTERS to make a light, fluffy powders

A

SIFTING

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38
Q

the powders is placed in a ROTATING CHAMBER

A

TUMBLING

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39
Q

are packed in glass, plastic or metal or other container with WIDE MOUTH

A

ORAL POWDERS

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40
Q

are packed in SIFTER TOP CONTAINER or powder shaker

A

TOPICAL POWDERS

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41
Q

WRAPPED in papers and INDIVIDUALLY FOLDED

A

DIVIDED POWDERS

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42
Q

medicated powder use for ______ is dusted on affected area from a sifter container and should bear label FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY

A

EXTERNAL USE

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43
Q

powders DISSOLVED in WARM WATER for VAGINAL use

A

DOUCHE POWDER

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44
Q

powder containing vit. B complex and other nutritional supplement

A

BROWER’S YEAST POWDER

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45
Q

a divided powder for HEADACHE

A

BC POWDER

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46
Q

generally containing a SOAP or DETERGENT, mild abrasive, and anticariogenic agent

A

DENTIFRICES

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47
Q

a THIN, SEMI-OPAQUE paper, with limited moisture resistance

A

VEGETABLE PARCHMENT

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48
Q

GLAZED, TRANSPARENT paper, with limited moisture resistance

A

GLASSINE

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49
Q

TRANSPARENT, WATERPROOF paper, used in “DOUBLE-WRAPPING” hygroscopic or deliquescent powders

A

WAXED PAPER

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50
Q

dosage form composed of DRY AGGREGATES of powder particles that may contain one or more APIs, with or without other ingredients

A

GRANULES

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51
Q
  • they may be swallowed as such, dispersed in food, or dissolved in water
  • frequently compacted into tablets or filled into capsules, with or without additional ingredients
A

GRANULES

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52
Q
  • prepared AGGLOMERATES of smaller particles of powder
  • IRREGULARLY SHAPED, but can be spherical
  • size: usually 4 to 12 sieve size range
A

GRANULES

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53
Q

GRANULES size

A

4 to 12 sieve size range3

54
Q

3 most important ingredients in EFFERVESCENT GRANULATED SALTS

A

SODIUM BICARBONATE
CITRIC ACID
TARTARIC ACID

55
Q

if SODIUM BICARBONATE and TARTARIC ACID, what will happen to the granules

A

LOSE FIRMNESS & CRUMBLE

56
Q

if SODIUM BICARBONATE & CITRIC ACID, what will happen to the granules

A

STICKY MIXTURE

57
Q

when mixed with WATER, acids & base react to LIBERATE CARBON DIOXIDE

A

FORMULATION OF BUBBLES
EFFERVESCENTS

58
Q

the WATER OF CRYSTALLIZATION OF CITRIC ACID acts as the BINDING AGENT

A

DRY / FUSION METHOD

59
Q

the source of binding agent is not the water of crystallization of citric acid but WATER ADDED TO ALCOHOL AS THE MOISTENING AGENT. forming PLIABLE MASS for granulation

A

WET FUSION METHOD

60
Q

TWO TYPES OF POWDER

A

TOPICAL POWDERS
INSUFFLATED POWDERS

61
Q

ADVANTAGES OF POWDERS

A

easy alteration of quantity
aid in clinical studies
alternative to a drug that may be too bulky
provide rapid onset of action

62
Q

ADVANTAGE OF POWDER OVER LIQUID DOSAGE FORM

A

Generally more stable
rapidly soluble

63
Q

3 STEPS IN PREPARING POWDER

A

COMMUNITION
MIXING
PACKAGING

64
Q

DISADVANTAGES OF POWDERS

A

less convenient for patients to carry
hard to mask unpleasant tastes
not a good method of administering potent drugs with low dose
not a suitable method of administering drugs that are inactivated in the stomach
not well suited for dispensing hygroscopic or deliquescent drug

65
Q

3 TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED IN COMMINUTION

A

TRITURATION
LEVIGATION
PULVERIZATION BY INTERVENTION

66
Q

4 METHODS OF MIXING POWDER

A

SPATULATION
TRITURATION
SIFTING
TUMBLING

67
Q

2 METHODS OF DIVIDING POWDERS

A

INDIVIDUAL WEIGHING
BLOCK & DIVIDE

68
Q

characteristics of powders where plain or white bond paper can be used

A

VIOLATIVE COMPONENTS
INGREDIENT ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY AIR OR MOISTURE

69
Q

more easily wetted

A

GRANULES

70
Q
  • less likely to cake or harden upon standing
  • more stable to the effects if atmospheric humidity
A

GRANULES

71
Q

particles that are BLENDED EASIER

A

PARTICLES IN UNIFORM SIZE

72
Q

particles that are EASIER TO MIX as they will be transported more easily into areas of high conc. to lower conc.

A

SPHERICAL PARTICLES

73
Q

particles that DO NOT SLIDE OVER each other as easily and tend to CLOG or STICK TOGETHER

A

NEEDLE-SHAPE or CUBIC-SHAPED

74
Q

particles that tend to SINK

A

HIGHER-DENSITY, HEAVIER

75
Q

particles that tend to RISE

A

LESS DENSE, LIGHTER

76
Q

SIEVE SIZE:
very coarse

A

NO. 8

77
Q

SIEVE SIZE:
coarse

A

NO. 20

78
Q

SIEVE SIZE:
moderately coarse

A

no. 40

79
Q

SIEVE SIZE:
fine

A

no. 60

80
Q

SIEVE SIZE:
very fine

A

no. 80

81
Q

VERY COARSE:
all particles pass through no. 8 sieve and not more than ____% through sieve no. ______

A

20%, no. 60

82
Q

COARSE:
all particles pass through no. 20 sieve and not more than ____% through sieve no. ______

A

40%, no. 60

83
Q

MODERATELY COARSE:
all particles pass through no. 40 sieve and not more than ____% through sieve no. ______

A

40%, no. 80

84
Q

FINE:
all particles pass through no. 60 sieve and not more than ____% through sieve no. ______

A

40%, no. 100

85
Q

impacts several aspects of drug formulation and performance

A

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

86
Q

particles are passed by MECHANICAL SHAKING through a series of sieves of known and successively smaller size

A

SIEVING

87
Q

utilizes a HE-NE LASER, silicon photo diode detectors, and an ultrasonic probe for particle dispersion

A

LASER SCATTERING

88
Q

a type of mill that is used in reducing particle size on a LARGER SCALE

A

FITZMILL COMMINUTING MACHINE

89
Q

a unit operation involving the MANIPULATION OF A HETEROGENOUS PHYSICAL SYSTEM with the goal of making it homogenous

A

MIXING

90
Q

involves SHUFFLING TYPE unit operation process involving particle groups and even individual particles

A

RANDOM MIXING

91
Q

an ENERGY-CONSUMING process that produces a RANDOM DISTRIBUTION of particles

A

MIXING

92
Q

these suffer from the SERIOUS DRAWBACK OF SEGREGATION of individual components during further processing in dosage form preparation

A

FREE-FLOWING MIXTURES

93
Q

mixtures that are NOT FREE FLOWING; the individual agglomerates of particles must be REPEATEDLY BROKEN DOWN and allowed to REDISTRIBUTE within the system to ensure a satisfactory mixed product

A

COHESIVE MIXTURES

94
Q
  • involve the mixing of fine, micronized form with larger carrier particles
  • formed by mechanical, adhesion, or coating forces
A

ORDERED MIXTURES

95
Q

NOT SUITABLE for LARGE QUANTITIES of powders or for powders containing potent susbtances

A

SPATULATION

96
Q

SUBSTANCES THAT SOFTEN OR LIQUEFY WHEN MIXED (eutectic) (usually spatulated)

A

aspirin
camphor
menthol
phenol
salicylic acid
thymol

97
Q

glass mortar is used for

A

LIQUIDS

98
Q

porcelain mortar is used for

A

SEMI SOLID

99
Q

pumice mortar is used for

A

SOLID

100
Q

method of mixing used for POTENT PRODUCTS

  • when a small amount of a potent substance is to be mixed with a large amount of diluent
A

GEOMETRIC DILUTION

101
Q

the best approach in dispensing hygroscopic and deliquescent powders

A

dispense in TIGHT CONTAINERS & incorporate a DESSICANT PACKET

102
Q

an approach to avoid the problem in efflorescent powders

A

use an ANHYDROUS SALT FORM of the drug

103
Q

oxidizing & reducing agents

A

EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES

104
Q

A liquid that is to be incorporated into a dry powder can be adsorbed onto an inert material (carrier) such as __________ and then geometrically introduced into the bulk of the powder

A

LACTOSE or STARCH

105
Q

usual vehicle or base for topical powders

A

CORNSTARCH or TALC

106
Q

ADHERENTS for topical powders

A

Mg, Ca, Zn stearate

107
Q

used in administering insufflated powders

A

PUFFER / INSUFFLATOR

108
Q

medicated powders that are administered by INHALATION with the aid of dry powder inhalers, which deliver micronized particles of medication in METERED quantities

A

AEROSOL POWDERS

109
Q

inhalation powders are commonly known as

A

dry DPIs (dry powder inhalers)

110
Q
  • a corticosteroid
  • inhalation powder is available in Flovent Rotadisk
A

FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE

111
Q

a highly-selective β₂ - adrenergic bronchodilator

A

SALMETEROL XINAFOATE

112
Q

a neuraminidase inhibitor used to treat INFLUENZA

A

ZANAMIVIR

113
Q

powders containing VOLATILE COMPONENTS should be wrapped in

A

WAXED or GLASSINE papers

114
Q

granules are prepared by what methods

A

wet & dry

115
Q

an alternative dry method which is the COMPRESSION of a powder or powder mixture into LARGE TABLETS or slugs

A

SLUGGING

116
Q

a mixed culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus & Lactobacillus bulgaricus used in the treatment of UNCOMPLICATED DIARRHEA & DIARRHEA DUE TO ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY

A

LACTINEX GRANULES

117
Q

Granulations of effervescent products may be compressed into tablet form as?

A

ZANTAC EFFERDOSE TABLETS

118
Q

a dosage form in which when in contact with water, RAPIDLY RELEASE CO2

A

EFFERVESCENT DOSAGE FORM

119
Q

are granules or coarse to very coarse powders containing a medicinal agent in dry mixture

A

EFFERVESCENT SALTS

120
Q

commercial antibiotic products that are UNSTABLE in AQUEOUS SOLN

A

BIAXIN GRANULES for oral suspension

121
Q

EFFERVESCENT GRANULATED SALTS

A

CITRAVESCENT

122
Q

commercial PROBIOTIC product

A

LACTINEX GRANULES

123
Q

compressed EFFERVESCENT GRANULES

A

ZANTAC EFFERVESCENT

124
Q

in quality control of bulk powders, the pharmacist should compare

A

final weight to the theoretical weight

125
Q

in quality control of divided powders, the pharmacist should

A

individually weigh

126
Q

granules may be stored under

A

controlled room temperature

127
Q

effervescent granules’ label should indicate that

A

they are not to be swallowed directly

128
Q

packaging/dispensing for powders & granules

A

unit dose
multiple dose

129
Q

powders for reconstitution:
suspension (patient counseling)

A

should be thoroughly mixed or shaken

130
Q

powders for reconstitution expiration date

A

7 days - room temp
14 days - refrigerated

131
Q

what should you do if some water drops into the package containing the powder

A

throw affected part / remove the portion

132
Q

a type of powder that is intended to be used internally & externally

A

MEDICATED POWDERS

DOSAGE (9 decks)

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