POWDERS & GRANULES Flashcards
1
Q
a mixture of FINELY divided drugs and/or chemicals used internally or externally
A
POWDERS
2
Q
Latin name of POWDER
A
PULVIS
3
Q
a type of powder that is dispensed in the form of individual doses and generally dispensed in PAPERS, PROPERLY FOLDED.
A
DIVIDED POWDERS
4
Q
another term for DIVIDED POWDERS
A
CHARTULA
5
Q
oral powder, dentifrices, douche powder, dusting powders, insufflations and triturations are known as
A
BULK POWDERS
6
Q
- they should be IMPALPABLE and FREE FLOWING
- easily ADHERE to the SKIN
- passed through at least no. 100-mesh sieve to minimize skin irritation
A
TOPICAL POWDERS
7
Q
topical powders should pass through at least no _______ mesh sieve
A
100
8
Q
are finely divided powders that are intended to be applied in a BODY CAVITY, such as the ears, nose, vagina, tooth socket, or throat
A
INSUFFLIATED POWDERS
9
Q
- adherent in insuffliated powders
- an ethylene oxide polymer with a HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT
- forms a VISCOUS, MUCOADHESIVE GEL when in contact with moisture
A
POLYOX
10
Q
4 classes of powders
A
EUTECTICS
HYGROSCOPIC DELIQUESCENT
EFFLORESCENT
EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES
11
Q
mixture of substances that LIQUEFY when mixed, rubbed or triturated together
A
EUTECTICS
12
Q
the melting points of many EUTECTIC MIXTURES are ______
A
BELOW ROOM TEMP
13
Q
will ABSORB MOISTURE from the air
A
HYGROSCOPIC POWDERS
14
Q
will absorb moisture from the air to the extent that they will partially or wholly LIQUEFY
A
DELIQUESCENT POWDERS
15
Q
a crystalline powder that contains WATER OF HYDRATION or crystallization. this water can be LIBERATED either during manipulations or on exposure to a low-humidity environment
A
EFFLORESCENT POWDERS
16
Q
powders will become STICKY and PASTY, or it may even liquefy
A
EFFLORESCENT POWDERS
17
Q
Powder combinations that may react VIOLENTLY when mixed together
A
EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES
18
Q
all particles pass through no. 8 sieve and not more than 20% through sieve no. 60
A
VERY COARSE
19
Q
all particles pass through no. 20 sieve and not more than 40% through sieve no. 80
A
COARSE
20
Q
all particles pass through no. 40 sieve and not more than 40% through sieve no. 80
A
MODERATELY COARSE
21
Q
all particles pass through no. 60 sieve and not more than 40% through sieve no. 100
A
FINE
22
Q
all particles pass through no. 80. there is NO LIMIT as to greater fineness
A
VERY FINE
23
Q
Powders are passed through a series of sieves of known and successively smaller size
A
SIEVING
24
Q
sample powders are sized through the use of a calibrated grid background
A
MICROSCOPY
25
measurement of the TERMINAL SETTLING VELOCITY of particles through a liquid medium in a gravitational or centrifugal environment
SEDIMENTATION RATE
26
involves the REDUCTION OF LIGHT reaching the sensor as the particles (dispersed in liquid or gas) passed through the senzing zone
LIGHT ENERGY REDUCTION
27
PULSED LASER is fired through aerosolized particle spray and is photographed in 3D with a holographic area
LASER HOLOGRAPHY
28
particles are SEPARATED into various size ranges by successively increasing the velocity of the air stream, in which they are carried
CASCADE IMPACTION
29
the process of REDUCING PARTICLE SIZE
COMMINUTION
30
the process of reducing particle size by using MORTAR & PESTLE
TRITURATION
31
used in SMALL SCALE PREPARATION of ointments and suspensions to reduce the particle size and grittiness of added powders. mortar & pestle or ointment tile will be used. PASTE IS FORMED
LEVIGATION
32
what is used in levigation
mortar & pestle or ointment tile
33
commonly used levigating agent
MINERAL OIL
GLYCERIN
34
commonly used for GUMMY SUBSTANCES wherein the volatile solvent will be used to reduce the particle size
PULVERIZATION BY INTERVENTION
35
commonly used SOLVENT
ALCOHOL
36
is BLENDING small amounts of powders by movement of SPATULA through them on a sheet of paper or ointment tile
SPATULATION
37
powders are mixed by passing them through SIFTERS to make a light, fluffy powders
SIFTING
38
the powders is placed in a ROTATING CHAMBER
TUMBLING
39
are packed in glass, plastic or metal or other container with WIDE MOUTH
ORAL POWDERS
40
are packed in SIFTER TOP CONTAINER or powder shaker
TOPICAL POWDERS
41
WRAPPED in papers and INDIVIDUALLY FOLDED
DIVIDED POWDERS
42
medicated powder use for ______ is dusted on affected area from a sifter container and should bear label FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY
EXTERNAL USE
43
powders DISSOLVED in WARM WATER for VAGINAL use
DOUCHE POWDER
44
powder containing vit. B complex and other nutritional supplement
BROWER'S YEAST POWDER
45
a divided powder for HEADACHE
BC POWDER
46
generally containing a SOAP or DETERGENT, mild abrasive, and anticariogenic agent
DENTIFRICES
47
a THIN, SEMI-OPAQUE paper, with limited moisture resistance
VEGETABLE PARCHMENT
48
GLAZED, TRANSPARENT paper, with limited moisture resistance
GLASSINE
49
TRANSPARENT, WATERPROOF paper, used in "DOUBLE-WRAPPING" hygroscopic or deliquescent powders
WAXED PAPER
50
dosage form composed of DRY AGGREGATES of powder particles that may contain one or more APIs, with or without other ingredients
GRANULES
51
- they may be swallowed as such, dispersed in food, or dissolved in water
- frequently compacted into tablets or filled into capsules, with or without additional ingredients
GRANULES
52
- prepared AGGLOMERATES of smaller particles of powder
- IRREGULARLY SHAPED, but can be spherical
- size: usually 4 to 12 sieve size range
GRANULES
53
GRANULES size
4 to 12 sieve size range3
54
3 most important ingredients in EFFERVESCENT GRANULATED SALTS
SODIUM BICARBONATE
CITRIC ACID
TARTARIC ACID
55
if SODIUM BICARBONATE and TARTARIC ACID, what will happen to the granules
LOSE FIRMNESS & CRUMBLE
56
if SODIUM BICARBONATE & CITRIC ACID, what will happen to the granules
STICKY MIXTURE
57
when mixed with WATER, acids & base react to LIBERATE CARBON DIOXIDE
FORMULATION OF BUBBLES
EFFERVESCENTS
58
the WATER OF CRYSTALLIZATION OF CITRIC ACID acts as the BINDING AGENT
DRY / FUSION METHOD
59
the source of binding agent is not the water of crystallization of citric acid but WATER ADDED TO ALCOHOL AS THE MOISTENING AGENT. forming PLIABLE MASS for granulation
WET FUSION METHOD
60
TWO TYPES OF POWDER
TOPICAL POWDERS
INSUFFLATED POWDERS
61
ADVANTAGES OF POWDERS
easy alteration of quantity
aid in clinical studies
alternative to a drug that may be too bulky
provide rapid onset of action
62
ADVANTAGE OF POWDER OVER LIQUID DOSAGE FORM
Generally more stable
rapidly soluble
63
3 STEPS IN PREPARING POWDER
COMMUNITION
MIXING
PACKAGING
64
DISADVANTAGES OF POWDERS
less convenient for patients to carry
hard to mask unpleasant tastes
not a good method of administering potent drugs with low dose
not a suitable method of administering drugs that are inactivated in the stomach
not well suited for dispensing hygroscopic or deliquescent drug
65
3 TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED IN COMMINUTION
TRITURATION
LEVIGATION
PULVERIZATION BY INTERVENTION
66
4 METHODS OF MIXING POWDER
SPATULATION
TRITURATION
SIFTING
TUMBLING
67
2 METHODS OF DIVIDING POWDERS
INDIVIDUAL WEIGHING
BLOCK & DIVIDE
68
characteristics of powders where plain or white bond paper can be used
VIOLATIVE COMPONENTS
INGREDIENT ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY AIR OR MOISTURE
69
more easily wetted
GRANULES
70
- less likely to cake or harden upon standing
- more stable to the effects if atmospheric humidity
GRANULES
71
particles that are BLENDED EASIER
PARTICLES IN UNIFORM SIZE
72
particles that are EASIER TO MIX as they will be transported more easily into areas of high conc. to lower conc.
SPHERICAL PARTICLES
73
particles that DO NOT SLIDE OVER each other as easily and tend to CLOG or STICK TOGETHER
NEEDLE-SHAPE or CUBIC-SHAPED
74
particles that tend to SINK
HIGHER-DENSITY, HEAVIER
75
particles that tend to RISE
LESS DENSE, LIGHTER
76
SIEVE SIZE:
very coarse
NO. 8
77
SIEVE SIZE:
coarse
NO. 20
78
SIEVE SIZE:
moderately coarse
no. 40
79
SIEVE SIZE:
fine
no. 60
80
SIEVE SIZE:
very fine
no. 80
81
VERY COARSE:
all particles pass through no. 8 sieve and not more than ____% through sieve no. ______
20%, no. 60
82
COARSE:
all particles pass through no. 20 sieve and not more than ____% through sieve no. ______
40%, no. 60
83
MODERATELY COARSE:
all particles pass through no. 40 sieve and not more than ____% through sieve no. ______
40%, no. 80
84
FINE:
all particles pass through no. 60 sieve and not more than ____% through sieve no. ______
40%, no. 100
85
impacts several aspects of drug formulation and performance
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
86
particles are passed by MECHANICAL SHAKING through a series of sieves of known and successively smaller size
SIEVING
87
utilizes a HE-NE LASER, silicon photo diode detectors, and an ultrasonic probe for particle dispersion
LASER SCATTERING
88
a type of mill that is used in reducing particle size on a LARGER SCALE
FITZMILL COMMINUTING MACHINE
89
a unit operation involving the MANIPULATION OF A HETEROGENOUS PHYSICAL SYSTEM with the goal of making it homogenous
MIXING
90
involves SHUFFLING TYPE unit operation process involving particle groups and even individual particles
RANDOM MIXING
91
an ENERGY-CONSUMING process that produces a RANDOM DISTRIBUTION of particles
MIXING
92
these suffer from the SERIOUS DRAWBACK OF SEGREGATION of individual components during further processing in dosage form preparation
FREE-FLOWING MIXTURES
93
mixtures that are NOT FREE FLOWING; the individual agglomerates of particles must be REPEATEDLY BROKEN DOWN and allowed to REDISTRIBUTE within the system to ensure a satisfactory mixed product
COHESIVE MIXTURES
94
- involve the mixing of fine, micronized form with larger carrier particles
- formed by mechanical, adhesion, or coating forces
ORDERED MIXTURES
95
NOT SUITABLE for LARGE QUANTITIES of powders or for powders containing potent susbtances
SPATULATION
96
SUBSTANCES THAT SOFTEN OR LIQUEFY WHEN MIXED (eutectic) (usually spatulated)
aspirin
camphor
menthol
phenol
salicylic acid
thymol
97
glass mortar is used for
LIQUIDS
98
porcelain mortar is used for
SEMI SOLID
99
pumice mortar is used for
SOLID
100
method of mixing used for POTENT PRODUCTS
- when a small amount of a potent substance is to be mixed with a large amount of diluent
GEOMETRIC DILUTION
101
the best approach in dispensing hygroscopic and deliquescent powders
dispense in TIGHT CONTAINERS & incorporate a DESSICANT PACKET
102
an approach to avoid the problem in efflorescent powders
use an ANHYDROUS SALT FORM of the drug
103
oxidizing & reducing agents
EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES
104
A liquid that is to be incorporated into a dry powder can be adsorbed onto an inert material (carrier) such as __________ and then geometrically introduced into the bulk of the powder
LACTOSE or STARCH
105
usual vehicle or base for topical powders
CORNSTARCH or TALC
106
ADHERENTS for topical powders
Mg, Ca, Zn stearate
107
used in administering insufflated powders
PUFFER / INSUFFLATOR
108
medicated powders that are administered by INHALATION with the aid of dry powder inhalers, which deliver micronized particles of medication in METERED quantities
AEROSOL POWDERS
109
inhalation powders are commonly known as
dry DPIs (dry powder inhalers)
110
- a corticosteroid
- inhalation powder is available in Flovent Rotadisk
FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE
111
a highly-selective β₂ - adrenergic bronchodilator
SALMETEROL XINAFOATE
112
a neuraminidase inhibitor used to treat INFLUENZA
ZANAMIVIR
113
powders containing VOLATILE COMPONENTS should be wrapped in
WAXED or GLASSINE papers
114
granules are prepared by what methods
wet & dry
115
an alternative dry method which is the COMPRESSION of a powder or powder mixture into LARGE TABLETS or slugs
SLUGGING
116
a mixed culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus & Lactobacillus bulgaricus used in the treatment of UNCOMPLICATED DIARRHEA & DIARRHEA DUE TO ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
LACTINEX GRANULES
117
Granulations of effervescent products may be compressed into tablet form as?
ZANTAC EFFERDOSE TABLETS
118
a dosage form in which when in contact with water, RAPIDLY RELEASE CO2
EFFERVESCENT DOSAGE FORM
119
are granules or coarse to very coarse powders containing a medicinal agent in dry mixture
EFFERVESCENT SALTS
120
commercial antibiotic products that are UNSTABLE in AQUEOUS SOLN
BIAXIN GRANULES for oral suspension
121
EFFERVESCENT GRANULATED SALTS
CITRAVESCENT
122
commercial PROBIOTIC product
LACTINEX GRANULES
123
compressed EFFERVESCENT GRANULES
ZANTAC EFFERVESCENT
124
in quality control of bulk powders, the pharmacist should compare
final weight to the theoretical weight
125
in quality control of divided powders, the pharmacist should
individually weigh
126
granules may be stored under
controlled room temperature
127
effervescent granules' label should indicate that
they are not to be swallowed directly
128
packaging/dispensing for powders & granules
unit dose
multiple dose
129
powders for reconstitution:
suspension (patient counseling)
should be thoroughly mixed or shaken
130
powders for reconstitution expiration date
7 days - room temp
14 days - refrigerated
131
what should you do if some water drops into the package containing the powder
throw affected part / remove the portion
132
a type of powder that is intended to be used internally & externally
MEDICATED POWDERS
