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RENAL PHYSIOLOGY > solute transport: reabsorption and secretion > Flashcards

solute transport: reabsorption and secretion Flashcards

1
Q

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

A
  • net movement represents molecules or ions moving down their electrochemical gradient
  • from higher concentration to lower concentration
  • e.g respiratory diseases
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2
Q

FACILITATED DIFFUSION (passive process)

A

molecule or ion moving ACROSS a membrane down its electrochemical gradient ATTACHES TO A SPECIFIC MEMBRANE BOUND PROTEIN

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3
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A
  • PROTEIN MEDIATED TRANSPORT THAT USES ATP AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY to move a molecule or ion agains its electrochemical gradient
  • movement from LOWER concentration to HIGHER concentration
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4
Q

PROTEIN MEDIATED TRANSPORT

A
  • uniport

- symport

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5
Q

FACILITATED TRANSPORT

A
  • uniport
  • moves a SINGLE MOLECULE or ions IN ONE DIRECTION
  • e.g. uptake of glucose into skeletal muscle or adipose tissue
  • calcium into skeletal muscle
  • ATPase provides energy
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6
Q

symport (cotransport)

A
  • coupled protein transport of 2+ solutes in the same direction
  • e.g. Na-glucose, Na-amino acid transporters
  • occurs in the kidney or small intestine
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7
Q

transport maximum (TM) is directly proportional to

A
  • carried saturated
  • number of functioning transporters (e.g. insulin)
    facilitated diffusion
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8
Q

concentration of substance is directly proportional to

A
  • transport rate
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9
Q

chemical specificity occurring in simple diffusion

A
  • the substance must have a certain chemical structure
  • ONLY NATURAL ISOMER will be transported
  • e.g. D-glucose not L-glucose
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10
Q

competition for carriers for protein mediated transport

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

A
  • glucose and galactose will generally compete for the same transport protein
  • glucose on the membrane add galactose to the medium decrease the rate
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11
Q

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A
  • ATP is CONSUMED DIRECTLY by transporting protein
  • e.g. Na/K-ATPase pump, calcium-dependent ATPase pump of the SR (uniport)
  • HAS ATPase activity
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12
Q

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A
  • DEPENDS INDIRECTLY on ATP as a source of energy
    e. g. Na-glucose (COTRANSPORT) in proximal tubule, that depends on ATP utilized by Na/KATPase pump
  • NO ATPase activity
  • high concentration outside low concentration inside
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13
Q

co- transport

A
  • substance moved on the same direction
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14
Q

counter-transport

A
  • substance moved on different direction
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15
Q

from lower concentration to higher concentration

A
  • active transport secondary to the pumping of Na in the basal membrane
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16
Q

increase luminal concentration is proportional to

A
  • gradient, and uptake
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17
Q

H+ moved up a concentration gradient

A
  • secondary active tranport
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18
Q

reabsorption of Na

A
  • in the proximal tubule
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19
Q

Transport Maximum System (TM)

A
  • carriers are saturated
  • carriers have a high affinity for substrate
  • there is low back leak
    concept: the entire filtered load is reabsorbed until the carriers are saturates then the excess is excreted
  • number of functioning carriers
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20
Q

low back leak

A
  • is the back diffusion of the substance into the tubule after it is reabsorbed into the interstitium
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21
Q

minimal back leak

A
  • back leak of glucose occurs because the proximal tubule is not permeable to glucose
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22
Q

glucose concentration is plasma is directly proportional to AKA renal threshold or plasma threshold

A
  • glucose rate being filtered
  • is a passive process (FACILITATED DIFFUSION) into bowman’s capsule
  • plasma glucose are saturated
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23
Q

removing one KIDNEY

A
  • loss 50% of functioning nephrons
  • loss 50% of carriers pumping glucose
  • TM 50%
24
Q

TM is the index of

A
  • number of functioning nephrons
25
Q

SPLAY

A
  • curved in the plateau
  • due to unsaturated nephrons at the same time
  • there is saturated at the same time unsaturated nephrons
26
Q

glucosuria (excretion)

A
  • filtered is > reabsorbing glucose
  • at the beginning of splay
  • at the renal or plasma threshold
27
Q

the higher the plasma concentration of glucose

A
  • the higher the glucose filtration rate
28
Q

lowest level of plasma glucose where reabsorbing at TM

A
  • after splay
29
Q

lowest level of plasma glucose where glucose is appearing in the urine

A
  • at the splay

- reabsorbing at a rate below TM

30
Q

increase GFR

A
  • increase load delivered to all nephrons

- renal threshold decrease

31
Q

pregnancy

A
  • increase GFR

- decrease renal threshold

32
Q

GFR is inverse to

A
  • renal threshold
33
Q

UREA

A
  • freely filtered
  • partially reabsorbed
  • passive diffusion
34
Q

diuresis

A
  • urea excretion
35
Q

proximal reabsorption of sodium

A
  • gradient time system
  • low affinity to substrate
  • 2/3 or 66% are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
36
Q

proximal tubules

A
  • Na pumping (most O2 and ATP consumed by the kidney goes into this pump)
  • K
  • Cl
  • water
37
Q

GFR determines the

A
  • metabolic load of the kidney

- the filtered load of sodium

38
Q

PAH

A
  • is freely filtered

- impossible to be reabsorbed

39
Q

PAH infusion 1000x (over infusion) to a patient to calculate the clearance for renal plasma flow

A
  • GFR
40
Q

PAH clearance at low plasma concentration is called

A
  • effective renal plasma flow (ERPF)
41
Q

compounds compete with PAH as an additive to lessen the effect of a drug
organic anion

A
  • penicillin
  • furosemide
  • acetazolamide
  • salicylate
42
Q

compounds compete with PAH as an additive to lessen the effect of a drug
organic cations

A
  • atrophine
  • morphine
  • procainamide
  • cimetidine
  • amiloride
43
Q

filter load

A

= GFR x Px amt /volume mg/ml

44
Q

excretion

A

= Ux urine concentration of substance x V urine flow

45
Q

freely filtered but no transport

A
  • sucrose

- mannitol

46
Q

the secretion rate of INULIN

A
  • always equals the filtration rate of INULIN
47
Q

uncontrolled diabetic excretion of glucose

A
  • is always to be less than the filtered load
48
Q

diabetic but no glucose in the urine

A
  • all of the filtered glucose is reabsorbed

- the filtration rate must equal the reabsorption rate

49
Q

creatinine

A
  • index of GFR clinically

- tiny amount is secreted

50
Q

secretion of PAH is always > than

A
  • the filter load
51
Q

20% OF filtered in the kidney is

A
  • completely reabsorbed
52
Q

protein

A
  • non is filtered nor reabsorbed

- 100 % will be excreted

53
Q

sodium always appears

A
  • in the urine
54
Q

waters follows

A
  • sodium
55
Q

urea follows

A
  • water
56
Q

western diet forming (high meat)

A
  • acid urine

RENAL PHYSIOLOGY (9 decks)

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