Solubility and Intermolecular Forces Flashcards
What is a concentrated solution?
A concentrated solution has a high amount of solute
What is a dilute solution?
A dilute solution has a low amount of solute
What does mass/volume percent represent?
The ratio of the mass of a solute to the volume of solution
What are intermolecular forces?
Forces that occur between molecules
What determines the solubility of a substance?
The strength of intermolecular forces and the speed of molecules
What is the electronegativity range for polar covalent bonds?
ΔEN = 0.5-1.7
What is the electronegativity threshold for ionic bonds?
ΔEN of 1.7 or greater
What is hydrogen bonding?
A strong type of attraction involving H bonded to N, O, or F
Fill in the blank: London forces exist between ______ molecules.
all
What happens to the solubility of solids in water as temperature increases?
Solubility increases cuz water molecules move faster
What happens to the solubility of gases in liquids as temperature increases?
Solubility decreases, faster-moving gas molecules are more likely to escape from the liquid surface like a heated pop can, thats why it goes flat
Why do oil and water not mix?
Non-polar substances are pushed away by polar attractions
What role does temperature play in solubility?
Influences how much solid can dissolve and affects gas solubility
What does “like dissolves like” mean?
polar compounds dissolve polar, and non-polar compounds dissolve non-polar
What is hydration?
The process in which water molecules surround the molecules or ions of a solute.
The compounds won’t dissolve if?
If the attraction between both ions in the compound is too strong?
What is a solution?
a homogenous mixture with 2 or more substances
What are the traits of an electrolyte?
It is only ionic, dissociates into solution which spreads, and movement makes energy
What is an un-saturated solution?
A solution that CAN take more solute
What is a saturated solution?
A solution that can’t take more solute because it has a PERFECT amount
What is a super-saturated solution?
A solution that has taken too much solute, can not take more
What is dilution?
Dilution is the process of decreasing the concentration of a stock solution by adding more solvent to the solution.
What is typically used as a solvent in dilution?
Water
What is a stock solution?
A stock solution is a concentrated solution that will be diluted to a lower concentration for actual use.
What is the dilution equation?
C1V1 = C2V2
In the dilution equation, what does C1 represent?
C1 is the molarity of the stock solution (mol/L)
In the dilution equation, what does V1 represent?
V1 is the volume of stock solution (L)
In the dilution equation, what does C2 represent?
C2 is the molarity of the diluted solution (mol/L)
In the dilution equation, what does V2 represent?
V2 is the volume of diluted solution (L)
Fill in the blank: The more solvent you add, the more _______ the solution will get.
diluted
formula for ppm?
ppm = m of solute / m of soln x 10^6
formula for ppb?
ppm = m of solute / m of soln x 10^9
what is a strong base?
is a base that dissociates 100% in (aq) soln
what is a strong acid?
an acid that ionizes almost 100% in (aq) soln
What is the pH scale used for?
used to describe the acidity or basicity of a solution
which groups usually have strong bases?
1 and 2
How can you tell if an acid is strong or weak?
difference between hydrogen and oxygen, if its over or equal to 2, its strong. less than and it is weak.
eg. HClO3 , 1 H, 3 O,
3-1=2
True or False: does dilution change the strength of an acid?
No.
What are TWO WEAK acids?
acetic acid: CH3COOH and hydrofluoric acid: HF
what is a weak acid?
is an acid that ionizes partially (<50%)
what is a weak base?
a base which ionizes poorly. Only a small
percentage of the base molecules actually ionize
what is the formula for pH?
pH = -log [H+]
what is the formula for H+ molarity (pH)
[H+] = 10-pH (10 is antilog)
GASES: what are the assumptions of kinetic molecular theory? (4)
particles are in constant motion, elastic collisions (no net loss of energy), no volume, and no attractive or repulsive forces
GASES: This law keeps temperature constant but looks at the interaction between pressure and volume
Boyle’s Law - P1V1=P2V2
Name an instrument that use mmHg as it’s unit?
barometers or sphygmomanometers
At constant T in a 7L rigid container, doubling the amount of gas will _____ the pressure
increase the pressure (n is proportional to P)
