Chem Bond, Lewis, Naming Flashcards
What is the process of ionic bonding?
Valence electrons are transferred between a metal and a non-metal to achieve the octet
What is a polyatomic ion?
A molecular compound that has an excess or deficit of electrons and thus has a charge.
Why do bonds bond together (other than octet, think charges)
They must combine with oppositely charged ions to achieve a neutral charge.
What is covalent bonding?
Electrons are shared between atoms because the electronegativity difference is not strong enough to completely pull valence electrons away.
What is indicated by arrows in polar covalent bonds?
The direction of electron pulling, pointing to the more electronegative atom.
Fill in the blank: The electronegativity difference for ionic bonding is greater than _______.
1.7
What must bonds do to ensure atoms achieve stability?
Give each atom 8 electrons.
Fill in the blank: The electronegativity difference for POLAR covalent bonding is between _______.
0.5 to 1.69
Fill in the blank: The electronegativity difference for NON-polar (or just covalent) bonding is below _______.
0.5
difference in electron sharing between ionic, polar covalent, and non-polar covalent bonds
i: electrons are transferred, pc: partially shared/unequal, n-pc: shared equally
define single, double, and triple bond
single bond: results from covalent bond sharing ONE pair of electrons (H and H)
double bond: sharing TWO pairs (C and O)
triple bond: sharing THREE pairs (N and N)
define bonding pair and lone pair
bonding: a pair pf electrons that is shared between 2 atoms
lone: a pair of electrons that is NOT shared
Where do H and F go in a Lewis structure
ALWAYS at the end
which goes in the center? most electropositive or most electronegative?
most electropositive
What makes a lewis structure bent?
if there’s a lone pair on the CENTRAL atom, doesn’t matter the #, it will make the structure bend (repulsion)
what is the math letters and meaning for doing Lewis structures
V = valence
T = total
S = shared bonds
NB = non-bonding pair
explain the written math steps for Lewis structure (NF3)
ex. NF3
1. (V) det total valence electrons in all atoms at start [N: 1(5) / F: 3(7)] = 26
- (T) det total # of electrons needed to reach octet
[N: 1(8) / F: 3(8)] = 32 - (S) T-V= Answer /2
[32 - 26 = 6 / 2 = 3 bonding pairs] - (NB) V-S= Answer / 2
[26 - 6 = 20 / 2 = 10 lone pairs]
Which 2 elements have a special octet total # and what is the number?
S = 12, P = 10
Between 2 compounds, how do you know which one has a greater intermolecular force?
- identify what intermolecular force each uses, may be able to determine from that
- both LDF? check molecular weight. The larger one is your answer.
- for dipole-dipole, its the one with the higher EN difference
What are the types of intermolecular forces? (4)
ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bond, London dispersion force or Van der Waals forces
What is a hydrogen bond? example?
A dipole bond between H and O, F, or N. It is the strongest type of intermolecular bond. H2O, HF, strong because high electronegativity difference
types of intramolecular bonds
ionic , polar covalent, or covalent!
Describe London Dispersion Forces?
Weak forces present in non-polar molecules that strengthen as the size of the molecule increases, and disperse very quickly. Its basically imbalance in the electron cloud and all bonds do this atleast slightly.
Fill in the blank: Solubility follows the principle of _______.
Like Dissolves Like.
How do ionic compounds behave in water?
They mix with charged and polar substances, ions dissociate, and the solution can conduct electricity.
How do covalent compounds behave in water?
They mix with charged and polar substances but do not break apart into ions, so the solution does not conduct electricity.
What affects the melting and boiling points of molecular compounds?
The strength of intermolecular forces: H-bonding > dipole-dipole > London Dispersion.
Why do ionic compounds have higher melting and boiling points than molecular compounds?
Due to their strong crystal lattice structure.
What is chemical nomenclature?
A system of names used in chemistry, approved by IUPAC
What defines multivalent metals?
Metals that can have more than one valence or charge
What does the suffix ‘-ous’ signify?
The lower of the two ion charges
What does the suffix ‘-ic’ signify?
The higher of the two ion charges
What is the formula for copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate?
CuSO4•5 H2O
What is the classical name for HCl(aq)?
Hydrochloric acid
How are non-polyatomic acids named?
Add prefix hydro- with the stem of the element, and ending -ic
What is an oxyacid?
An acid containing oxygen, hydrogen, and a third element
What does the prefix thio- indicate?
An oxygen atom in the compound has been replaced by a sulfur atom
What is the formula for sulfate?
SO4
What is the formula for thiosulfate?
S2O3
What is the formula for thiosulphite?
S2O2
what does IUPAC stand for
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
list the suffix and prefix combo in order of levels of ions
per-ate
ate
ite
hypo-ite
how do you write the formula of an acid?
add as many H to the compound to take off the entire charge (neutral)
How are polyatomic acids named?
the stem of the polyatomic ion, and ending in ic if the ion starts and/or ends with per-ate, and ous if it starts and/or ends with hypo-ite
