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Grade 10-11 SCIENCE > Evolution Pt 2 > Flashcards

Evolution Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five areas of study that provide evidence for evolution?

A
  1. The Fossil Record
  2. Biogeography
  3. Comparative Anatomy
  4. Embryology
  5. DNA (or Molecular/Comparative Biochemistry)
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2
Q

What are fossils?

A

Preserved remains or markings of once-living organisms

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3
Q

Why do very few organisms leave fossils?

A

Most organisms decompose, creating gaps in the fossil record.

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4
Q

What do paleontologists study?

A

Fossils.

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5
Q

How are fossils arranged in the fossil record?

A

Fossils appear in chronological order within layers of rock.

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6
Q

What does the fossil record show about the existence of organisms over time?

A

Different fossils appear at different times; not all organisms came into existence at the same time.

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7
Q

List the order of vertebrates as shown in the fossil record from oldest to most recent.

A
  • Fish
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Mammals & Birds
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8
Q

What are transition fossils?

A

Fossils that show similarities between two groups of organisms and provide evidence of relatedness.

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9
Q

What does biogeographical evidence suggest about organism evolution?

A

Organisms evolve in one area and then spread out to other regions.

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10
Q

What is a key observation about geographically close but environmentally different locations?

A

They often have more related species compared to locations that are geographically far apart but environmentally similar.

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11
Q

Give an example of a plant that illustrates biogeographical evidence.

A

Cacti are only found in deserts in North, Central, and South America.

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12
Q

What does the similarity of island animals to mainland species suggest?

A

Animals on islands have evolved from mainland migrants.

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13
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Have similar structures from same ancestor, but different functions due to selective pressures.

*Structures that have similar structures but may have different functions, inherited from a common ancestor.

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14
Q

Provide an example of homologous structures.

A

The forelimbs of vertebrates.

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15
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Similar function, different structure. uncommon ancestor.

*Structures that evolve in organisms in similar environments and perform similar functions but do not share a common ancestor.

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16
Q

Provide an example of analogous structures.

A

The wing of a bird and the wing of a butterfly.

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17
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

Structures that no longer serve a useful function in a living organism.

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18
Q

List examples of vestigial structures in humans.

A
  • Ear muscles
  • Wisdom teeth
  • Human appendix
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19
Q

What does comparative embryology study?

A

Embryos to compare traits before drastic changes appear in fully developed organisms.

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20
Q

What does the similarity of early-stage embryos suggest?

A

Links to common ancestors.

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21
Q

What is the significance of molecular evidence in evolution?

A

Universality of structure and function of key molecules for life, such as DNA and RNA. (ex. amino acid number)

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22
Q

What do closely related species have in common regarding DNA?

A

They have more similar DNA (nucleotide) sequences

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23
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

When related species evolve to form different functional traits due to different selective pressures.

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24
Q

Provide an example of divergent evolution.

A

Beaks of Darwin’s finches evolving to become more different over time.

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25
What is convergent evolution?
When unrelated species evolve to form similar traits due to similar selective pressures.
26
Provide an example of convergent evolution.
Wings in birds, bats, and insects.
27
What is the best modern day evidence of evolution?
comparing nucleotide sequences!
28
What prompts vestigial structures to become disused?
Environmental changes/selective pressures
29
True or False: Microevolution refers to small-scale evolutionary changes within a species.
True
30
What does macroevolution encompass?
Macroevolution encompasses large-scale evolutionary changes that occur over long time periods, including the emergence of new species.
31
What is a key factor that drives microevolution?
Natural selection is a key factor that drives microevolution.
32
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of microevolution? A) Mutation B) Gene flow C) Mass extinction D) Genetic drift
C) Mass extinction
33
True or False: Speciation can occur through allopatric and sympatric processes.
True
34
What is the primary difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?
Allopatric speciation occurs due to geographic isolation, while sympatric speciation occurs by reproductive isolation.
35
Fill in the blank: The concept of _____ explains how populations change over time due to genetic variation.
evolution
36
What role does genetic drift play in evolution?
Genetic drift can lead to random changes in allele frequencies in small populations, affecting evolution.
37
What is it called when populations do not chance/evolve
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
38
Multiple choice: Which process is most likely to result in a new species? A) Gene flow B) Natural selection C) Genetic drift D) All of the above
B) Natural selection
39
True or False: Divergent evolution leads to species that have similar functions but different structures.
False
40
Fill in the blank: _____ evolution results in species that adapt to the same environmental challenges.
Convergent
41
What is the primary factor that contributes to speciation?
Reproductive isolation is the primary factor that contributes to speciation.
42
What is the role of mutations in microevolution?
Mutations introduce new genetic variations that can be acted upon by natural selection.
43
Multiple choice: Which of the following is an example of sympatric speciation? A) A river divides a population B) A population evolves different mating calls C) A volcanic eruption creates new land D) A species migrates to a new habitat
B) A population evolves different mating calls
44
What is sympatric speciation?
When populations in the same area diverge and become reproductively isolated.
45
What is allopatric speciation?
When a population is split geographically to form isolated populations that can form new species
46
True or False: Sympatric speciation requires physical barriers to occur.
False
47
Fill in the blank: In allopatric speciation, populations become separated by __________ barriers.
geographic
48
What is the primary difference between sympatric and allopatric speciation?
The primary difference is that sympatric speciation occurs without geographic barriers, while allopatric speciation occurs due to geographic isolation.
49
Name an example of allopatric speciation.
Darwin's finches on the Galápagos Islands.
50
DEFINE a "species"
a population which has the ability to interbreed to reproduce viable and fertile offspring
51
Look at your hand and point out all the factors of evolution.
pinky - genetic drift ring- non-random mating middle - mutations pointer - gene flow thumb - natural selection
52
Define speciation
the formation of a new species from existing species
53
what else can speciation be know as?
macroevolution
54
what is reproductive isolation?
when 2 species can not mate with each other
55
what are the 2 main mechanisms/types of reproductive isolation?
pre and post zygotic
56
what is pre-zygotic isolation
barriers that prevent mating between species, inability to reach the fertilization stage
57
what is post-zygotic isolation
barriers that prevents zygote from surviving or reproducing
58
what are the pre-zygotic factors that create isolation? (2 parts)
mating prevention - behavioural isolation (mating rituals) - temporal isolation (species active at diff times of day) - ecological/habitat isolation (bird live high, another lives at ground) fertilization prevention - mechanical isolation (anatomy❌️) - gametic isolation
59
What are the POST-zygotic isolation factors?
Prevention of Hybrids - zygotic mortality (doesn't live) - hybrid inviability (dies soon) - hybrid infertility (no babys, Mule)
60
When does microevolution occur?
When allele frequencies in a populations gene pool change from one generation to the next
61
Why is saying that individuals evolve incorrect?
Because evolution happens over many multiple generations, there isn't any one point where things just change
62
What are mutations?
Random introduction of new alleles in a population cuz of heritable changes in the DNA (allele frequency change)
63
What is gene flow?
Also know as migration. It's when individuals migrate/move between different interbreeding populations that have diff allele frequencies (Ex. Birds moving, or pollen)
64
What is non-random mating? AND state it's effect
A populations purposeful selection of mates based on particular phenotypes or cuz of inbreeding (smaller gene variations) (so like royal families) Effect: increases the chance homozygous individuals are produced, and may not affect allele frequencies
65
What is genetic drift? AND the effect?
Change in allele frequencies due to chance events
66
Causes of genetic drift?
The Founder effect - small amount of individuals leave a large population to start a new species in a new, more isolated location Bottleneck population - population suddenly becomes small, gene pool is now much smaller
67
What are the 3 biogeographical observations?
1. Geographically close but environmentally different locations have more related species than anywhere else 2. Animals found on islands often closely resemble animals found on the nearest continent (migration) 3. Fossils of the same/similar species can be found on the coastline of neighboring continents
68
What are types of speciation?
ALLOPATRIC AND SYMPATRIC!!!

Grade 10-11 SCIENCE (14 decks)

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