BIO Exam Gr10 Flashcards
List the stages of the cells cycles in order
Interphase, (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase), cytokinesis
Identify 2 key processes: interphase
- cell grows
- DNA replicates (in preparation to divide)
Identify 2 key processes: prophase
- DNA condenses into chromosomes
- nuclear membrane and nucleus dissolve
- microtubules form AND move to the poles of the cell
- spindle fibres start to form
Identify 2 key processes: metaphase
- spindle fibres –> attach to centROmeres
- ALSO moves chromosomes to the middle (aka metaphase plate or the equator)
Identify 2 key processes: anaphase
- cell widens
- spindle fibres pull the sister chromatids apart to the poles of the cell –> they are now daughter chromosomes
Identify 2 key processes: telophase
- daughter chromosomes thin
- microtubules + spindles BEGIN to disappear
- sides of the cell start to pinch
- nuclei form around the groups of chromosomes FAINTLY
Identify 2 key processes: cytokinesis
- spindle fibres FULLY dissolve
- the cell’s cytoplasm and organelles fully divide (making 2 daughter cells)
- chromosomes unwind and lengthen
- nuclear membranes and nucleolus become distinct
What is cell specialization?
Cell specialization is the process of generic cells becoming specialized to do different tasks in the body such as making specific tissues
What is tissue?
A tissue is a group of closely related cells that have specific functions
Which type of tissue helps with movement?
Muscle Tissue
Which 2 types of tissue protect internal tissues and organs?
Connective and Epithelial Tissue
Which type of tissue comprises the nervous system?
Nerve Tissue
Which type of tissue helps with contractions?
Muscle Tissue
Which type of tissue stores materials like fat?
Connective Tissue
Which type of tissue receives information from the external environment and then transmits (or sends) the information?
Nerve Tissue
Which type of tissue helps with absorption?
Epithelial Tissue
Which type of tissue is blood?
Connective Tissue
Which type of tissue contains bundles of nerve cells?
Nerve Tissue
Which type of tissue releases hormones?
Epithelial Tissue
What is digestion?
Digestion is the process of breaking down food into nutrients and having those nutrients be absorbed into cells so the body can create chemical energy
What is mechanical digestion?
It is the breakdown of food through physical movements
What organs use mechanical digestion?
Esophagus, stomach, both intestines, mouth
What is chemical digestion?
It is the secretion of enzymes to aid in the breakdown of food
What organs use chemical digestion?
tongue (saliva), stomach, small intestine, pancreas, and liver
What contains ridges so it can expand and contract when food enters and exits?
Stomach
What secretes hydrochloric acid to break down food?
Stomach
What is lined with gastric juices and mucus walls?
Stomach
What temporarily stores and churns food?
Stomach
What contains papillae and tastebuds?
Tongue
What grips food and pushes it to the back of the mouth for swallowing?
Tongue
What secretes saliva?
Mouth and Tongue
What absorbs water (occurs the most here), and vitamins* from undigested food?
Large Intestine
What contains the rectum and anus?
Large Intestine
What uses peristalsis to move waste to the rectum for excretion?
Large Intestine
What is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum?
Small Intestine
What organ does chemical digestion occur the most?
Small Intestine
What absorbs nutrients* into the bloodstream?
Small Intestine
What tears and grinds food (via mechanical digestion)?
Mouth
What structure are the teeth from?
Mouth
What secretes enzymes for digestion and hormones for absorption?
Pancreas
What organ is located between the stomach and small intestine
Pancreas
What undergoes peristalsis to move food to the stomach?
Esophagus
What connects the throat to the stomach?
Esophagus
What is made of smooth muscles and lined with mucus?
Esophagus
What is the name of the hairlike projections (commonly found in the small intestine to maximize the absorption of nutrients and water)?
Villi & Microvilli
What secretes bile? (For breakdown of fats & proteins)
Liver
What breaks down toxins?
Liver
What stores bile?
Gallbladder
What are accessory organs?
They are organs that aid in digestion BUT not a part of the digestive system
List the accessory organs.
pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
What are the 2 functions of the respiratory system?
- produce sound
- protect against viruses and bacteria
- supply cells with oxygen
- remove carbon dioxide from cells
(The last 2 are called cellular respiration)
What is another name for the throat?
Pharynx
Why is the left side of the lung smaller than the right?
To make room for the heart
What is the function of the alveoli?
Internal and external respiration
What is the structure of the trachea?
composed of rings of cartilage that divide into two branches called bronchi
What are the structural features of the alveoli? (3)
- covered in capillaries to increase blood supply to cells
- arranged in grapelike clusters to increase the surface area for gas exchange
- made up of thin membranes that are kept open
What is the structure of the larynx? (2)
- contains two folded membranes that open and close to produce sound
- made of connective tissue
Function of the throat AND its other name?
Pharynx
- carries oxygen through respiratory tract
- amplifies emitted sound
What is the other name for the chest?
Thoracic cavity
Which organs are inside your lungs?
Bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
Which respiratory organ is the site of gas exchange?
Generally stated, the lungs. But I mean alveoli.
What are 2 functions of the circulatory system?
- supply oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to all of the cells
- carries waste and CO2 away
- Protects against blood loss, and blocks toxins from entering the body
- controls body temperature
3 components of the circulatory system?
Blood, blood vessels, the heart
Spell the other name for red blood cells
E R Y T H R O C Y T E S
Spell the other name for white blood cells
L E U K O C Y T E S
Not considered a cell due to a lack of a nucleus and means to help clot blood… It is called:
a platelet!
Name the blood vessels
arteries, veins, capillaries
Arteries usually hold… (type of blood)
Oxygenated blood
Veins usually hold… (type of blood)
Deoxygenated blood
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