Sodium Flashcards
Hypernatremia results in _____ fluid volume contraction
Intracellular
What is the appropriate response to Hypernatremia in an awake, otherwise normal patient?
Increased H20 intake stimulated by thirst
Excretion of minimal volume due to ADH secretion in result of osmotic stimulus
Causes of hypernatremia: 5
- Inadequate intake of fluids
- Poor intake
- Renal losses of hypotonic fluid
- Extrarenal-nonrenal loss of water
- Primary sodium gain
Lack of thirst is due to: and falls under which cause of hypernatremia?
damage to hypothalamus-tumors, vascular occlusion and granulomatous disease. Falls under inadequate intake of fluids. (Primary hypodipsia)
How do drugs and osmotic diuresis play a part in hypernatremia?
drug induced-diuretics can cause iso-osmotic solute diuresis
Osmotic diuresis: most common cause of H20 loss-glycosuria, mannitol
Diabetes insipidus-what are the two types (And how can you get them), and what does this do to sodium?
Central: impaired ADH secretion 2/2 destruction of the neurohypophysis. Can be idiopathic, post surgical (pituitary surgery), post traumatic (basal skull fracture, severe head injury), space occupying sellar lesions, Inflammatory (encephalitis, GBS)
Nephrogenic: End organ kidney resistance to ADH
Inherited (congenital, mutation)
Acquired-myeloma, drugs (lithium, glyburide, amphotericin B, demeclocycline), electrolytes-hypercalcemia, ADH released by the placenta
All of this can cause hypernatremia
What kinds of water loss can you have from the GI tract-leading to hypernatremia?
Osmotic diarrhea (lactulose, sorbitol, malabsorption of carbs)
Viral gastroenteritis-results in greater water loss than Na loss
Nasogastric drainage, enterocutaneous fistula
Primary Na+ gain is defined by: ____ . How does this happen?
Urine sodium greater than 800 mEq/L
This can happen via administration of hypertonic NaCl or NahCO3-, TPN, ingestion of Nacl or seawater, hypertonic enemas or dialysis
How much sodium does 3% NaCl contain? what about bicarb?
3% NaCl: 513 mEq sodium per liter
7.5% sodium bicarb in a 50 mL ampule: 44.5 mEq sodium
Clinical features of hypernatremia:
AMS, lethargy, confusion, irritability
Advanced: coma, seizures, intracranial bleeding due to rupture of cerebral veins as a result of brain shrinkage
What are signs of hypervolemic hypernatremia?
Pleural effusion Ascites Peripheral edema Heart failure Thirst or polyuria Neuromuscular irritability-myoclonus, tremor/rigidity
As for dx of hypernatremia-wht are you looking for first:
Then, what do you want to measure
H&P
List of current meds
mental and neurologic exam
Determine if they are hypervolemic, isovolemic, or hypovolemic. Look for signs and symptoms (thirst, diarrhea, vomiting)
Then, measure urine osmolality, sodium concentration,
What is the normal response when plasma osmolality gets above 295?
secrete ADH to concentrate urine and activate thirst mechanism
So, with intact ADH secretion and renal function, Uosm will be _____. Will further increases in urine osmolality be seen with additional ADH administration?
intact-Uosm 700-800, and no more ADH will not increase urine osmolality
So, what are causes of hypernatremia when uosm is 700-800?
Unreplaced insensible losses (urine sodium should be less than 25
GI losses: urine sodium should be less than 25
Sodium overload: urine sodium greater than 100 with that f
Causes of hypernatremia when Uosm is less than plasma osmolality?
How to test this?
Consider DI
Administer ADH to distinguish between nephrogenic and central. If nephrogenic-little or no response to ADH
If central: appropriate increase in Uosm by greater than 50%
So, how can you treat hypernatremia with hypervolemia?
Diuretics and HD may be necessary to lessen symptoms