Sociology Flashcards
Major theoretical approaches
What factors contribute to negative health outcomes?
Economic , physical environment, educational, social, health care
What is meritocracy ?
A system in which individual status is based entirely on hard work and ability.
Individuals with the most merit ( talent, ability, effort) progress and earn rewards
What is residential segregation?
When social groups are separated into different neighborhoods often along racial and ethnic lines
What are determinants of individual health?
Physical environment ( ambients stressors, pollution, environmental injustice, residential segregation), economic environment, lifestyle, social environment
What is socioeconomic gradient?
Positive correlation between socioeconomic status and health outcomes . Higher SES ( education, income ) - better health and opposite
What is sick role theory?
Illness as a socially acceptable form of deviance.
Illness includes certain rights ( exemption from work) and obligations ( seeking medical condition)
What is gentrification?
Redevelopment of lower income city by displacement of lower income residents by higher income people
Houses and rental prices increase, larger tax
What is racionalization?
Process by which one group designates another group with racial identity often based on shared group qualities such as physical attributes ( skin pigmentation) or behaviors ( religious practices)
What is content analysis?
Systematic coding and interpretation of human communication ( website content, oral transcripts) for research.
Turn qualitative analysis into quantitative data do analysis
What is social movement?
Long term collective action ( lasting weeks or years) toward a social goal to produce visual change
Types of organization?
Normative - people are based on shared values and goals
Utilitarian - members are compensated
Coercive - membership is not freely chosen
Types of curriculum
Formal - explicit, official content taught through education system ( algebra, physics)
Hidden - implicitly, unofficial information conveyed through the educational system ( boys are better at math than girls)
What is reacher expectancy?
When a teachers belief about a student result in student meeting those expectations
What is social stratification?
System of inequality ins iciest whereby people are grouped into hierarchical social categories that have different access to resources, opportunities and life outcomes
Caste system : status is ascribed, social mobility is difficult, rigid ( жесткий)
Class system : status is achieved through merit, flexible, mobility is possible
Based on social class - economic assets ( income, property).
Social status - prestige among others in society.
Power - ability to exert control over that actions of others
What is social network analysis?
Epidemiological technique mapping connection between individuals to study the spread of communicable diseases in population
What is ethnography method?
Qualitative method for scientific study of human social phenomena by studying people in their natural environment and provide information about the cultures, norm, values in a given location
What is spatial inequality?
Individuals in residentially segregated, low income neighborhoods are subjected to spatial inequality: exposure to higher rates of crime, violence, pollution that negatively impact their health outcomes
What is social exclusion?
When individuals are marginalized to the point of being unable to participate in society economically ( earning money, purchasing goods), socially ( interacting with others), and civically ( voting)
What is false consciousness?
Individuals from lower classes adopting the misleading views of the upper class and therefore accepting the status quo (etc, injustice)
Class consciousness - recognition of class structure and identification with one’s own social status
What is McDonaldization?
Process by which extreme efficiency and rationalization produce negative consequences in society ( eg, reduced quality of products)
Critical perspective of bureaucracy.
Describes:
- efficiency produces optimization at the cost of individuality ( accomplishing a task and minimize the time)
-calculability produces high quantities at the expense of quality ( sale service everywhere)
- predictability produces standardization at the expense of uniqueness
- control increases automation, reducing the need for a skilled workforce, use of technology
What is social reproduction?
Fact that successive generations tend to occupy the same social class
What is educational stratification?
Mechanisms that produce inequality in educational access ( schools available to students) and outcomes ( graduation rates, college matriculation)
Types of poverty
Absolute - inability to secure basic needs
Relative - economic standing compared to others
Marginal a lacking stacked
Median income - level at which half of all households earn less and half earn more
