Sociology Flashcards
Major theoretical approaches
What factors contribute to negative health outcomes?
Economic , physical environment, educational, social, health care
What is meritocracy ?
A system in which individual status is based entirely on hard work and ability.
Individuals with the most merit ( talent, ability, effort) progress and earn rewards
What is residential segregation?
When social groups are separated into different neighborhoods often along racial and ethnic lines
What are determinants of individual health?
Physical environment ( ambients stressors, pollution, environmental injustice, residential segregation), economic environment, lifestyle, social environment
What is socioeconomic gradient?
Positive correlation between socioeconomic status and health outcomes . Higher SES ( education, income ) - better health and opposite
What is sick role theory?
Illness as a socially acceptable form of deviance.
Illness includes certain rights ( exemption from work) and obligations ( seeking medical condition)
What is gentrification?
Redevelopment of lower income city by displacement of lower income residents by higher income people
Houses and rental prices increase, larger tax
What is racionalization?
Process by which one group designates another group with racial identity often based on shared group qualities such as physical attributes ( skin pigmentation) or behaviors ( religious practices)
What is content analysis?
Systematic coding and interpretation of human communication ( website content, oral transcripts) for research.
Turn qualitative analysis into quantitative data do analysis
What is social movement?
Long term collective action ( lasting weeks or years) toward a social goal to produce visual change
Types of organization?
Normative - people are based on shared values and goals
Utilitarian - members are compensated
Coercive - membership is not freely chosen
Types of curriculum
Formal - explicit, official content taught through education system ( algebra, physics)
Hidden - implicitly, unofficial information conveyed through the educational system ( boys are better at math than girls)
What is reacher expectancy?
When a teachers belief about a student result in student meeting those expectations
What is social stratification?
System of inequality ins iciest whereby people are grouped into hierarchical social categories that have different access to resources, opportunities and life outcomes
Caste system : status is ascribed, social mobility is difficult, rigid ( жесткий)
Class system : status is achieved through merit, flexible, mobility is possible
Based on social class - economic assets ( income, property).
Social status - prestige among others in society.
Power - ability to exert control over that actions of others
What is social network analysis?
Epidemiological technique mapping connection between individuals to study the spread of communicable diseases in population
What is ethnography method?
Qualitative method for scientific study of human social phenomena by studying people in their natural environment and provide information about the cultures, norm, values in a given location
What is spatial inequality?
Individuals in residentially segregated, low income neighborhoods are subjected to spatial inequality: exposure to higher rates of crime, violence, pollution that negatively impact their health outcomes
What is social exclusion?
When individuals are marginalized to the point of being unable to participate in society economically ( earning money, purchasing goods), socially ( interacting with others), and civically ( voting)
What is false consciousness?
Individuals from lower classes adopting the misleading views of the upper class and therefore accepting the status quo (etc, injustice)
Class consciousness - recognition of class structure and identification with one’s own social status
What is McDonaldization?
Process by which extreme efficiency and rationalization produce negative consequences in society ( eg, reduced quality of products)
Critical perspective of bureaucracy.
Describes:
- efficiency produces optimization at the cost of individuality ( accomplishing a task and minimize the time)
-calculability produces high quantities at the expense of quality ( sale service everywhere)
- predictability produces standardization at the expense of uniqueness
- control increases automation, reducing the need for a skilled workforce, use of technology
What is social reproduction?
Fact that successive generations tend to occupy the same social class
What is educational stratification?
Mechanisms that produce inequality in educational access ( schools available to students) and outcomes ( graduation rates, college matriculation)
Types of poverty
Absolute - inability to secure basic needs
Relative - economic standing compared to others
Marginal a lacking stacked
Median income - level at which half of all households earn less and half earn more
What is the frustration - aggression theory?
People exhibit aggression as a result of frustration ( facing a goal or effort blocked or defeated)
What are religious organizations?
Churches - established formal organizations that tend to be well integrated into society
Sects - formed after believers split from an established church ( subculture)
Cults - radical groups of believers organized around a charismatic leader ( counterculture)
Religion and social change types
Modernization - social progress and transition of a society brought by industrialization. Reduced importance of religion
Secularization - reduced power/ influence of religion as religious involvement declines
Fundamentalism - renewed commitment to traditional religion as a reaction to secularization
What is religiosity and religious affiliation?
Religiosity - extent to which a religious doctrine is internalized and incorporated into an individuals life ( behaviors, beliefs). “ bring Jewish”
Religious affiliation - specific religious group an individual identified which is not synonymous to his principles? Behaviors, beliefs . One can consider himself catholic but do not attend church
Types of authority
Types of authority
Social classes in the us
Types of kinship
Types of social support
Major theories of human development are
What is the illness experience?
A symbolic interactionist perspective that examines how individuals understand and cope with serious or chronic illnesses that impact daily life and self identity
What is world system theory?
Economic theory of globalization that views the world as a global economy:
Core nations - wealthy with strong government, take resources from poor countries and lead economic market to through the exports of good
Periphery nations - poor and weak governments, export their resources to wealthier countries making them dependent on those countries.
Semi - periphery - between those two
What is globalization?
Process by which products and values/ ideas spread across the world as a result of advances in technology and communication
What is bureaucracy?
The most efficient and rational way to organize human behavior
( mcdonaldization)
Consequences if the division of labor
Fertility rates
Total fertility rate - average number of children born per woman during her lifetime.
Crude birth rate - is the number of live births per year for every 1000 members of a population regardless of sex and age
General fertility rate - total number of live births per year for every 1000 women of childbearing age
Age- specific rate - number of live births per year for 1000 women in a certain age group
What is the dependency ratio?
Proportion of unproductive ( too old or too young) to productive members in society
Aging approaches
