P/S Identify and Social Flashcards
What are the types of identity?
1) personal identity - how one’s self concept is shaped by more private of individual characteristics.
2) social identity -how one’s self concept is shaped by group membership ( sex/gender, race/ ethnicity, age, family status, SES, occupation)
What is manifest functions?
The intended consequences of a social structure.
Ex: media ( a social structure) is meant to disseminate information
What is social constructionism?
Micro or macro level
Knowledge not being real but rather exists because we give things meaning.
Ideas ( knowledge about health and disease) are created through historical processes that are socially defined and culturally distinct
What is Kinsey scale?
Scale if sexual behavior/ sexual orientation
As the gender, it is dichotomous ( homosexual or hetero)
What is social stigma?
Derived from symbolic interactionism perspective
call attention to how certain individuals or groups face social disapproval ( associated with behavior, identity), attribute that is undesirable by society
Dissaproval of those with a deviant characteristics that doesn’t conform social expectations
Can result in prejudice ( negative attitudes) and discrimination ( negative treatment)
Different between prejudice and discrimination
Prejudice - negative attitudes or beliefs/ feelings about a specific group.
Discrimination - unfair treatment involving actions that negatively impact specific groups. Can be individual: occurs at the person-to-person level or institutional: when social institutes have systematic policies that result in unfair treatment of people based on their group membership
What is functional fixedness?
Cognitive bias
Barrier to problem solving, Special type of a mindset that occurs when the intended purpose of an object hinders a persons ability to see its potential other uses, inability to see an object as useful as any other use than the one for which it was intended.
Someone uses an object only in traditional way
What is fads?
Причуды
Trends or crazes occurring over a short period of time within a segment of population
What is a popular culture?
Ideas, attitudes and perspectives that are mainstream ( relevant to most people in society). Anything the majority people in a society believe in (eg, freedom), do (television) , wear or buy/ consume,
Types of evolutions?
1) biological - due to genes
2) cultural - changes in human beliefs, practices, values.
What are the types of groups?
What is socialization?
Learning the norms and values of a society or culture.
Process of learning through social interaction with others just the foundation of socialization.
Agents of socialization are: family, friends/ peers, school/workplace, mass media
What is cultural diffusion and cultural transmission?
Cultural diffusion - spread of beliefs and behavior from one cultural group to another. Exchange between out-groups.
Ex: popularity of Japanese sushi in America
Cultural transmission - passing of knowledge and values to the next generation through education and socialization. Between in groups
What is social norms?
Unwritten rules of behavior that people in society t are expected to follow ( chewing with a closed mouth). They maintain order is society.
What is self serving bias?
Credit their success to internal factors but blame failures on external factors
What is confirmation bias?
Cognitive bias ( common error in thinking)
Tend to embrace evidence supporting their beliefs but ignore evidence that is against their belief
What is psychosexual theory of development?
Personality develops through five psychosexual stages that begin in childhood. Conflict in any of those stages can lead to psychological issues in adulthood
What is the dramaturgical approach?
Explains behaviors using a theater metaphor: how we behave in front of others is a performance meant to manage their impression of us.
Front stage - involves impression management
Back stage - behaviors that occur in private with no fear of criticism
What is strain theory says?
When individuals are unable to attain socially acceptable goals ( having a nice car) through legitimate means ( job), it may lead to deviant behavior ( stealing)
What is looking glass self concept?
Symbolic interactionist concept
Our interpretation of how we are perceived by others impact our cell concepts ( beliefs about ourselves). Our interpretation of what others thing about us is more important than what they actually think
Three components: we imagine how we must appear to others, we imagine the judgment of that appearance, we develop ourselves through the judgments of others
What is medicalization?
Process of defining and characterizing a given condition or behavior as a medical illness which can have both positive (funding for research) and negative ( stigma) consequences
What is obedience and how it can be increased?
A type of conformity in which an individual Carrie’s our orders given by an authority figure.
Can be increased by:
Personal factors - status ( lower status, less power)
Situational factors - proximity, legitimacy, consensus (everyone else is obeying)
Cultural factors - collectivism
What is impression management?
Trying to influence how one is perceived by others by employing certain behaviors to get a positive impression
What is a bystander effect??
When an individual is less likely to receive help when more people are present because of diffusion of responsibility
More people - more time until help will be provided
Types of norms?
Folkways
Mores
Taboos
What is a stereotype boost??
When positive stereotype about social groups cause improved performance.
Types of status?
Ascribed - assigned social position ( race)
Achieved - attained ( doctor)
Master - dominant social position ( ex convict)
What is generational status?
Whether individuals were born in the country in which they reside
What is intersectionality?
How all individuals hold multiple, interconnected identities that simultaneously impact their lives and perspectives.
Ex: being a female is not the only her identity by which a woman is experienced or treated. Also by her race, age, class
What is social reproduction?
Transmission of society’s values, norms and practices including social inequality from one generation to another.
What is social capital?
One’s social network and the value of those connections.
Social networks are webs of interaction between nodes that are linked by ties
What is a labeling theory?
When someone is labeled as deviant, the act of being labeled produces further deviance results in social stigma
Labels get applied to certain groups regardless of their behavior. Power of stereotypes
What is an aggregate?
Collection of individual who share a common location but do not identify as a group
Ex: all people at a given cafe at 6 am
Characteristics of dominant culture, subculture and counterculture
What is group sizes?
Social groups- composed of individuals who interact and identify each other. As group size increases - the number of social ties increases. Triad people- more stable while two - more intimate
What is group polarization??
When groups members adopt an extreme attitude or action after group discussion, occurs when people are already in agreement to discuss an issue and share similar opinions prior the discussions
Usually members of this group had a similar opinion in the beginning
What is groupthink ?
Desire for harmony in decision making, avoiding of conflicts, making more rationalizations, introducing fewer facts and discussing risks less frequently. All members should be similar. Results in poor decision making .
Group arrived at an incorrect or irrational decision because group members in the effort to get along and reach consensus do not critically evaluate all available information
What is a stereotype threat?
Anxiety experienced by an individual who feels judged based on a negative stereotype about a group yo which he belongs to.
Awareness results in negative performance.
Related to tasks performance
What is cultural relativism?
There are no right or wrong cultural practices.
So no stereotype threats there
Trying to understand a culture on its terms and to judge a culture by its standards and an awareness of different norms, values and practices
Evaluation of another culture using that other cultures standards rather than owns cultural standards
What is self fulfilling prophecy?
Occurs when a belief about something ( may be true or not) influences the behavior if the person who believes it resulting in an outcome that validate the belief as true and leads to go by circle was
What is social loafing?
When an individual exerts less effort while working in a group versus working alone
What is conformity?
When an individual group members align their thoughts or actions with the group due to the implicit influence of others
Following the norms of the group
Compliance - type of conformity whereby an individual goes along with the group in public but maintains his own stance privately
What is auto communication?
When a message sender is also the receiver
What is inclusive fitness?
Sum of its direct fitness ( own reproduction) and indirect fitness ( cooperative behavior that aids kin).
What is game theory?
Mathematically evaluates the relative success of particular strategies ( behavior) over time.
Describes how complex social behaviors ( mating, aggression, altruism) persist in population and how it passes on to offspring
What is bureaucracy?
Modern form of organization adopted by complex societies, designed to be rational and maximize efficiency. Ideally Characterized by:
- division of labor increases efficiency through specialization
- hierarchical structure provides a clear chain of command enabling everyone to understand their life
- Standardization of clear rules/procedures ensures continuity and uniformity
- impersonal processes for hiring/ promoting ( based on merit) and handling clients foster equal treatment
Types of social influence?
Normative- to fit in or avoid rejection by society
Informative - when a person don’t know what to do and he listens to others who know
What is neutrality in the experiment?
Experiment is objective, unbiased and detached from the researchers expectations
What is social facilitation?
Tendency of a person to complete a manageable task in front of an audience( better performance on the task), improvement in individual performance when working with other people than alone. It enhances performance.because the presence of the audience increases autonomic arousal
Only for simple tasks
Ex: people tie their shoes faster when being watched
Opposite to social facilitation, what happens when a person does unfamiliar or difficult task in front of the audience?
Hinder performance, impaired performance
What is deindividuation?
A loss of individual self awareness when one is part of a large group engaged in an emotionally arousing activity ( a large crown at a sporting event). Emma Wes of a large groups tend to feel a reduced sense of personal responsibility and an increased sense of anonymity leading to an uncharacteristic behavior.
Attribution theory types
Individuals tend to explain behavior as result from internal or external factors.
Dispositional attributions - internal personal ascribe factors such as personality, ability or attitude
External- situational factors such as environmental factors - task difficulty, presence of others or luck, discrimination
Methods of problem solving
Mental processes until the goal is reached.
Types: insight, trial and error, heuristics, algorithms
What is belief perseverance?
Type of cognitive bias in which a person holds a belief even when confronting evidence to that contrary/
Types of cultures
Symbolic culture - intangible elements of a culture such as language, beliefs, values.
Material culture - physical items
Identity development theory by James Marcia
Based on level of commitment and degree of exploration
- identity diffusion
Identity foreclosure
Identity moratorium
Identity achievement
What is cultural shock?
Feelings of disorientation, uneasiness, fear due to the unfamiliar culture
What is ethnocentrism?
Using one’s own cultural standards such as norm and values to make judgments about another culture
What is culture lag?
Society experiences it not individuals
Social problems created by the time delay between rapid changes in material culture ( technology, fashion) and slower changes in no material culture ( ideas, believes, laws)
Types of social mobility
Change or movement of individuals between or within the status categories in society.
Horizontal - no change in social status
Upward - increase in social status
Downward - decrease is social status.
Intragenerational - within one generation
Intergenerational- more than one generation
What is halo effect?
When an individual with a positive quality is assumed to have other positive qualities
Attachment styles
Attachment is formed during first few years of life as a result of repeated interactions.
Secure and insecure
Forming attachment. Occurs until 6 weeks
Ambivalent attachment - when a child is absent when a mother leaves but is not comforted when she is back
What is elaboration likelihood model?
Model of persuasion when a lesion is uninterested in message, superficial factors may be most persuasive.
Like attractive celebrity spokesperson.
Central rout of persuasion - uses content of the message to persuade people who are interested in the message or text.
Peripheral route - persuades people who is not interested in the message with superficial characteristics
Theory of the social self
By George Mead
Stages:
Preparatory: infancy, toddler through imitation and forming no self
Play: preschool, role taking, I is developing
Game: school age, generalized other, development of me
Deviance theories are
Deviance is behavior that violates social norms.
Types:
1) Differential association - people learn specific deviant behaviors and values/ norms through interaction with others with those same behaviors and values/norms
2) Labeling - primary deviance ( a small social norm violation) leads to a deviant label and social stigma causing secondary deviance ( more serious violation)
3) Strain theory - deviant behavior results from the disconnect between goals and the means for achieving those goals
Most common problem solving barriers are
Confirmations bias
Functional fixedness
Mental set - inability to see a problem from a new perspective, gets stuck on a method that worked in the past but is not right for the current problem
What is social epidemiology?
Focuses in the effect of social factors on individual and population health
What is relative deprivation?
Лишение
Discontent people experience when they believe they are entitled to something yet are being deprived of it
What are push and pull factors?
Help explain human migration patterns
Push factors ( unemployment, war) describe why people move away from their native country and pull factors ( opportunities, education) why people move to a new country
Major types of capital
Economic - financial assets t such as property and money/income. Money confers power and status in society.
Cultural - no financial /no social network asserts, education, hard work, attractiveness
Social capital - individuals social networks
What is life course approach?
Frank week for understanding the cumulative impact of various psychological, biological and sociocultural factors on health across the life span.
How personal life events, individual choices/behaviors, and sociocultural context impact gravity and illness.
How experiences from earlier in life affect outcomes later in life
What so social stratification?
Putting people into category based on factors such as income, wealth and occupation
What is age cohorts?
People born within a specified time frame
What is organization?
Formal collections of people who are linked by common goals and tasks
Types of sociology?
Micro- and macrosociology provide understanding of human social life.
Micro - focuses on how interpersonal interaction ( between a parent and child) build and shape society.
Macro - focuses on the broad, society wide institutions and large scale events that impact the lives of individuals
Compliance techniques are
Foot in the door - asking a small request at first and then larger request.
Door in the face - asking a big request in the beginning and being declined
What are the study designs?
Quantitative
Mixed
Qualitative
What is religious affiliation?
An individual identifying with a religious group
What is anomie?
State of normlessness that occurs when a society fails to provide individuals with norms and values to guide behavior.
What society should provide: stability, norms to guide behavior and purpose, goals, values and morals
Social disconnection when a person feels when social norms and bonds are weak, no attachment to society, period of rapid social change
What is the mere exposure effect or familiarity effect?
The act of being exposed to smth increases an individuals affinity for it.
Ex: the more someone hears a song, the more they will like the song
What is mass hysteria?
When fear and rumor spur similar behavior among many group members.
Generally include physical symptoms ( laughing, twitching) that have no apparent cause and spread within a community
What is Malthusian theory?
Population growth.
Human population increases exponentially while resources increase at a slower rate.
The population can be slowed by preventative checks ( decrease of the birth rate) and positive checks ( increase of the death rate)
Large-scale positive checks called Malthusian catastrophes dramatically reduce the population by slowing or stopping population growth
What is drive reduction theory?
Motivation results from the desire to maintain homeostasis
By what processes behavior influences attitude?
Foot in the door
Cognitive dissonance
Role losing effects
What is social cognitive theory?
People learn through observing others
Called vicarious learning- watching other people behave in a certain way and then get rewarded or punished for it. Observer may behave this way too or not by his choice
What is self positivity bias and its analogue?
When people believe that they are less vulnerable to negative outcomes than other people.
Analogue is optimism bias - underestimate the probability that bad things will happen to them
Demographic transition model
Transition from high levels of birth and deaths to low birth and death rates with increasing of population size.
5 stages
Refers to economic development ( industrialization) and population change
Population growth occurs rapidly because mortality rates fall before the fertility does. Over time fertility rates also falls stabilizing the population
What is population pyramids?
Displays relative number of males and females in each age. Have three shapes:
1) expanding - broad bases ( lots of younger people) and narrow tops ( few older people) and increase of population
2) stationary - stable population size
3) contacting - decrease of population
Just world phenomenon bias
One believes that the world is fair and good things happen to people who are hard working and good and that bad things happen to people who are bad or lazy
