P/S Emotions And Attitude Flashcards
Types of dissociative disorders
Characterized by disruptions to memory and identity.
1) dissociative identity disorder - presence of two or more distinct personalities, amnesia
2) dissociative amnesia - inability to recall autobiographical information
What is cognitive dissonance?
Mental stress or discomfort experienced by a person who holds 2 or more beliefs ideas and values at the same time or face new information that conflicts with existing beliefs and ideas. We reduce it by changing our at cognition, attitude first and then behaviors.
Types of anxiety disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder
Characteristics of post traumatic disorder
Arise after exposure to trauma. Symptoms: hyperarousal ( exaggerated startle response), intrusive symptoms ( nightmares), avoidance of reminders of the trauma, negative thoughts and mood
Personality disorders characteristics
Inflexible and enduring patterns of thoughts, behaviors that differ form social norms and cause functional impairment stable over time and across situations.
Borderline personality disorder symptoms: distorted and unstable self image, extreme mood reactivity, fear of abandonment, impulsive or reckless behavior
Somatic disorders
Extreme concern regarding one or more physical symptoms.
Symptoms are associated with psychological factors.
What is locus of control?
Am individuals perception about the underlying main causes of events in his life.
Internal - my own actions/ behaviors determine the outcome of events.
External - luck, fate and powerful others determine the outcome of events
Roles of social interaction types
1) Role strain - competing expectations within a single role create tension
2) Role conflict - for two or more roles
3) role exit - exits from a social role often replacing it with a new social role
What is a general adaptation syndrome? By seyle
A model describing how the body reacts to stress.
Has three stages:
- alarm stage : during the first few minutes of the stress response with a fight or flight response do the sympathetic nervous system
- resistance stage: last for hours, days, months. Body tries to resist the stressor and maintain the equilibrium
- exhaustion stage - prolonged stress produces arousal with depleted energy making body more to negative health effects experience decreased resistance to stress
Humans respond similarly to all types of stressors
Validity types
1) external - generalizability, or the extent which results can be applied to other situations or people.
2) internal - causality, extend to which changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to changes in independent variable
Appraisal theory
Ones appraisal ( evaluation) of a stimulus determines one’s emotional response.
Components of attitude
Attitude is a persons evaluation or disposition toward something. Can be positive, negative or neutral and change over time.
Types:
1) affective - feelings and emotions about smth
2) cognitive - beliefs about object
3) behavioral - behaviors related to an object
Types of motivation:
1) extrinstic motivation - Motivation yo participate in an activity based on meeting an external goal, garnering praise and approval, winning a competition or receiving an award or payment, receiving smth from others or avoid certain negative outcomes.
2) intristic - Arising from internal factors.
3) expectancy theory of motivation - individuals are motivated to act based on the expected outcomes of their behavior. Involves: expectancy - belief that one will be able to achieve the desired outcome, instrumentality - belief that one has control over the desired outcome, valence - value placed on the desired outcome.
4) Arousal theory - individuals are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal. When underaroused, people seek activities to increase stimulation, when overaroused people seek to decrease stimulation.
5) Incentive theory - individuals are motivated according to external rewards.
6) Humanistic theory- assuming basic needs have been met, individuals are motivated to seek self actualization, for their potential.
Maslow hierarchy of needs
Basic needs ( physiological needs and safety needs) must be met before psychological needs ( esteem needs, belongingness and love needs) and self- fulfillment needs ( self actualization)
What is a drive reduction theory of motivation?
Motivation is a result of a disruption of homeostasis which generates a biological need. The biological need generates a drive to fulfill that need which prompts action.
What is learned helplessness?
Describes feelings of extreme powerlessness along with a perceived lack of control often resulting in failures or trauma.
They have low self efficacy ( persons beliefs about his own competence or ability at a certain task)
Types of stressors
What is Yerkes Dodson law?
There is an optimal level of physiological or mental arousal at which performance is maximized; performance will decline with too little or too much arousal.
What brain structures respond to chronic stress?
Amygdala, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
Major personality theories
Trait theory characteristics
Attempt to explain personality in terms of observable personality characteristics or traits.
Doesn’t account for external influences on personality or for reasons underlying personality traits.
What is counterbalancing in the research?
Used to control of ether potential effects that the order of intervention administration may have on the results.
Freud model of personality
Psychoanalytic theory
Personality results from the interaction between the id, superego and ego.
The id is unconscious and selfish compelling us to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
The superego is preconscious, moralistic and idealistic compelling is toward perfection.
The ego is conscious, realistic compelling us to behave in ways that are socially acceptable, acts as a mediator between the id and superego.
Personality change is possible when a person has a strong ego. Defense mechanisms are used by the ego. Has a rational and goal directed behavior while
id is irrational.
Limbic system
Network of brain regions involved in emotion, learning and memory.
Hypothalamus: homeostasis, regulated the pituitary gland and the autonomic nervous system, physiological changes.
Amygdala - primal emotions
Thalamus - relays information
Hippocampus - memory consolidation
Cingulate gyrus - emotional sensory input
Null hypothesis and errors
Null - no difference
Alternative - there is a difference
Rejecting a true null hypothesis ( type 1 error) leads to incorrect conclusion there is a difference between groups (false positive)
Failing to reject a false null hypothesis is a type 2 error.
