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Uworld > P/S > Flashcards

P/S Flashcards

1
Q

Function of retina

A

To convert light info into neural impulses

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2
Q

Characteristics of central (foveal) Vision

A

Cones packed at the fovea (ямка), bright lights conditions, color and detail perception, increased visual acuity, fast recovery time:adjust to changes quickly, have opsin proteins that respond to certain wavelength (short-blue, medium green, long red)

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3
Q

Characteristics of peripheral vision

A

Rods in the peripheral of the retina, dim light conditions, black/white vision, can detect motion, high light sensitivity, slow recovery time, need more time to adjust to a change

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4
Q

What more: rods or cones?

A

Rods

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5
Q

Photoreceptors differences in visual field

A
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6
Q

Definition of blind spot

A

No cones or rodes
Where optic nerve connects to retina so no photoreceptors

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7
Q

What is inside rods?

A

Optic disc

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8
Q

What does optic disc contain?

A

Proteins that fire APs to the brain.
It is the region of the retina where both the optic nerve exits and the artery enters.
Known as blind spot (no photoreceptors)

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9
Q

What protein do rods contain?

A

Rhodopsin

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10
Q

What protein do cones contain?

A

Photopsin

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11
Q

When light hits the rhodopsin what happens?

A

Trigger of the phototransduction cascade

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12
Q

…. vision occurs at levels of … light levels

A

Photopic
High

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13
Q

…. vision occurs at … and involves both rods and cones

A

Mesotopic
Dawn or dusk

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14
Q

… vision occurs at levels of … light

A

Scotopic
Very low

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15
Q

Where dopamine targets and its function?

A

Function: mediates the reward pathway and motor control.
1) Basal ganglia (motor function). Three pathways: direct pathway- excitatory effects on motor functions, indirect pathway - inhibitory effects on motor functions, nigrostriatal pathway - helps to maintain the balance between those two pathways. (destroyed during Parkinson’s)
2) Mesolimbic pathway ( pleasure, award),
3) prefrontal cortex ( motivation, emotions)

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16
Q

Description of Parkinson’s disease

A

Progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (basal ganglia) causing tremors, muscle rigidity and shuffling gait

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17
Q

Most antipsychotic are dopamine

A

Antagonists blocking actions of dopamine

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18
Q

Functions of serotonin

A

Mood, sleep/wake regulation, appetite. Social dominance/ aggression

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19
Q

What to use to treat Parkinson’s disease?

A

Dopamine agonist

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20
Q

Corpus callosum function

A

Allow two hemispheres to communicate

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21
Q

Left hemisphere function?

A

Language function such as speech production (Broca area) and language comprehension ( wernicke area)

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22
Q

Location of speech production

A

Broca area in the left hemisphere

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23
Q

Language comprehension location

A

Wernicke area in the left hemisphere

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24
Q

Function of the each hemisphere

A

Touch and movement of the opposite hemisphere plus language of the left hemisphere

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25
Q

Split brain syndrome definition

A

Severed corpus callosum causing wrong inter hemispheric communication

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26
Q

Input from left visual field is processed by right and vice versa is called

A

Cortical lateralization

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27
Q

Function of occipital cortex

A

Visual information

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28
Q

Circadian rhythms definition

A

Cycles in physiological activity (hormone release) that occur over 24 hour intervals

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29
Q

Bio markers of circadian rhythms

A

Core body temperature ( 38 C at daytime, 36 C just before waking), melatonin (peak during sleep but low during waking), cortisol (peak after waking and low before sleep)

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30
Q

What secretes melatonin?

A

Pineal gland (шишковидная железа)

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31
Q

Oxytocin is produced by … and released by

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland (гипофиз)
Functions: pair bonding, reproductive behavior, labor and lactation

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32
Q

Sleek wake disorders are

A

Parasomnia is childhood
Dyssomnia in adulthood

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33
Q

Parasomnia characteristic

A

Abnormal function of the nervous system during sleep, in childhood, night terrors, somnambulism ( sleepwalking)

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34
Q

Dyssomnia characteristics

A

Difficulty falling/staying asleep, poor sleep quality, inappropriate sleep timing, involves insomnia (difficulty falling asleep, sleep apnea, narcolepsy (extreme daytime sleepiness), involves disruptions to circadian rhythms

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35
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Regulation of the body’s functions (BP, metabolism, appetite, sleep, growth, body T), command center for endocrine system

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36
Q

Function of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

When light levels are high, the SCN down regulates the production of melatonin and vice versa

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37
Q

What hormones the anterior pituitary release?

A

Growth hormone, FSH and etc

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38
Q

Posterior pituitary releases what hormones?

A

Oxytocin, vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)

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39
Q

Hippocampus function

A

Formation and storage of memory
Learning

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40
Q

Piagetd theory of cognitive development

A
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41
Q

Eriksons stage of psychosocial development

A

How personality is shaped by social interaction

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42
Q

George Herbert Mead theory

A

Theory of the social self through social interaction with others

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43
Q

Kohlbergs theory of moral development

A
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44
Q

What system activates during stress?

A

Sympathetic nervous system ( immediate rehigh release of epinephrine and cortisol, increase of heart rate and BP, high glucose release)

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45
Q

What’s secretes adrenaline and glucocorticoids (cortisol)?

A

Adrenal glands (надпочечники)

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46
Q

…: involve collecting data over a period of time and can be …

A

Longitudinal studies,
Experimental or observational
Useful how variable change over time

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47
Q

Crops sectional study definition

A

Observational study that measures a variable at own time point

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48
Q

Types of perception constancy?

A

Shape constancy, color constancy ( same color under different lighting conditions), size constancy ( distant objects appear to be the same size as near object), brightness constancy

49
Q

Top down cognitive process guided by

A

Experience, expectations, knowledge , beliefs, ideas already stored in our brain influencing perception

50
Q

Law do continuity

A

We tend to perceive objects that are in the same row, or lined up as together

51
Q

Gestalt principles

A

Subjective contours - how mind fills in the gaps.
Invariance - objects can be recognized despite orientation, lighting, scale.
Common fate - objects that move together are grouped together.
Similarity - objects sharing certain features are grouped together
Proximity - things that are close to one another as a group.
Continuity - perceive element as continuing on a smooth path
Closure - missing information is filled in to complete a figure

52
Q

Function of cochlea

A

Inside is organ of Corti, sound processing and transmission of auditory information to the temporal lobe of the brain

53
Q

Maintenance of spatial orientation and balance depends on

A

Visual input, vestibular input ( semicircular canals- angular acceleration, and the otolith organs: utricle and saccule - linear acceleration), and somatosensory input (proprioceptors found in skeletal muscles, tendons, skin and joints provide info about the location and movement of body in space)

54
Q

Sensory input is processed by

A

Brainstem, cerebral cortex and cerebellum which coordinates balance

55
Q

Schizophrenia symptoms

A

Positive - pathological excesses ( hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior) and negative symptoms - pathological deficits ( apathy, inability to experience pleasure, flat affect, lack of speech)

56
Q

What drugs are used to treat schizophrenia?

A

Neuroleptic or atypical antipsychotic medication in reducing positive symptoms. But neuroleptics may worsen negative symptoms while atypical can improve negative symptoms

57
Q

Psychoactive drugs are

A

Stimulants, depressants, narcotic analgesics (painkillers/opiates) and hallucinogens

58
Q

What effects on psychoactive drug have?

A

On mood, thinking and/or behavior

59
Q

Depressants are also called as

A

Anxiolytics as they can reduce anxiety

60
Q

The principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system is

A

GABA ( works with depressants)

61
Q

Sleep stages are

A

NREM (non rapid eye movement 1-4 stages) and REM

62
Q

Brain activity during REM stage has

A

An wake, alert state but with the body paralyzed except for the muscles controlling respiration and eye movement

63
Q

Feature detection means

A

Perceptual discrimination of specific aspects of a given stimulus via feature detectors which are specific neurons that fire in response to very specific stimuli ( most often during vision - in case of horizontal lines or angles as an ex).

When looking at the object, you need to break it down into its component features to make sense of what you are looking at: color, form, motion.

64
Q

Sensory adaptation is

A

Diminished nervous system response by the optic nerve over time to stimuli that remain constant therefore diminished stimulus perception. When a stimulus Durant change, the firing rate of the neuron decreases.

Occurs in the peripheral nervous system.

65
Q

Spreading activation is

A

When a node (concept) sighing an individuals semantic networks triggers the activation of other related nodes - priming

False memory in which representation of the presented words activates semantically related words

66
Q

Just noticeable difference or difference threshold is

A

Smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time

67
Q

Webers law definition

A

The Rayo of the size of the just noticeable difference to the original stimulus intensity remains constant

68
Q

Opponent process theory definition

A

Color vision occurs because of the opposing responses of three sensory receptor complexes ( red-green, blue-yellow, black/white)

69
Q

Monocular cues are

A

Depth and motion cues by one eye only and rely on comparisons between objects

Motion parallax - or relative motion, where objects in the foreground perceives to move faster than objects in the background

70
Q

Stereopsis definition

A

Perception of depth that arises from the information perceived from the both eyes (binocular depth cues)

71
Q

Binocular depth cues definition

A

Accurate perception of depth through the integration of slightly different information from both eyes: retinal disparity- distance between two eyes results in slightly different images projected into the retinas. The closer the object -> more dramatic the disparity. Convergence - occurs because of the angular positioning of the eyes. The closer the object to the observer, the more the eyes turn inward to focus on that object.
Binocular cues are less informative at great distances because retinal disparity and converge decrease as distance decrease.

Good for depth and distance

72
Q

Accommodation

A

Modular cue and processed as a depth perception cue, as an object approaches type eye, coloration muscles alter the shape of the lens

73
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis or linguistic relativity/determinism definition

A

Language influences and controls our perception and cognition

74
Q

Nativist hypothesis states that

A

Language is not learned as the skills but it’s an innate process in the brain

75
Q

The Young- Helmholtz theory state

A

Known as trichromatic theory, all the colors we see are the result of the combined activity of three types of photoreceptors ( short wavelengths- blue, medium -green, long-red).

If objects reflects red-> red light hits red cone -> fire AP -> brain is like Oh red

76
Q

How visual field works?

A

It has right and left hemifields. The left is processed by the right primary visual cortex and right by the left visual cortex.

77
Q

Parallel processing definition

A

Brains ability to simultaneously process the various components of visual stimuli. Information from the retina goes to primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe through the region of the thalamus that received visual input via two separate pathways:
1) parvocellular pathway (what)- good at spatial resolution (boundaries, shape, color). But poor temporal resolution( can’t detect motion, only in stationary). Form and color.
2) magnocellular pathway ( where?)- high temporal resolution ( think time, motion), but no spatial resolution (no color). Rods responsible. Depth and motion.

Detect/focus all information at same time

78
Q

How color and motion processed?

A

Both in the retina and processed by the occipital lobe

79
Q

Types of studies

A
80
Q

Function of prefrontal cortex

A

Executive functions; critical thinking, problem solving, planning, impulse control and decision making, part of frontal lobe ( primary motor cortex and Broca area), modulation of emotions

81
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Motor coordination and motor learning
Balance, storage of non declarative memory

82
Q

Amygdala function

A

Emotions especially fear and anger

83
Q

When dreaming occurs?

A

Most common in REM sleep closer to waking up

84
Q

Characteristics of sleep stages

A
85
Q

Limbus system consists of

A
86
Q

Confounding variables

A

Additional variables that might influence results or outcomes

87
Q

Limiting confounding variables during experiment results in

A

Increase of interval validity but decrease in external

88
Q

Types of validity

A
89
Q

Box and whisker plot

A

Distribution of the data
Confident interval represents a measure of uncertainty in a reported value by indicating how far the value reported from the true value. 95% means true in approximately 95% of the cases.
If notches do not overlap -> medians are significantly different

90
Q

Monoamine hypothesis

A

Depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine - they have a single amine group in their molecular structure) in the CNS causes depression symptoms

91
Q

Meta analyze should have.. to compare the results

A

The same methods: measures and criteria

92
Q

Depression symptoms

A
93
Q

Nucleus accumbens is the part of the

A

Reward pathway in the brain ( which also include ventral regimental area which produces dopamine and portions of the prefrontal cortex)

94
Q

Differences between SSRI and MAOI antidepressant mechanism

A

MAOI decrease breakdown of monoamines by inhibiting monoamine oxidase therefore increasing concentration on monoamines in the axon and synaptic cleft.
SSRI block the regulator of serotonin from synaptic cleft into prestnaptic neuron prolonging the oresence of serotonin in the synaptic cleft

95
Q

How antidepressants function?

A
96
Q

Brain lobes and functions

A

Frontal lobe- executive functions (prefrontal cortex), voluntary motor initiation.
Temporal lobe- learning, memory, auditory processing, Wernicke area.
Occipital lobe - visual processing.
Parietal lobe - proprioception, somatosensation

97
Q

Place theory definition

A

Plays a role in auditory processing and exposing the perception of sound pitch ( how high or low a tone is and its frequency). Inside the cochlea, specific sound wavelengths generate basilar membrane vibrations at specific loci. Hair cells located at the base are activated by high frequency, at apex -low frequency waves.

98
Q

Adaptive value definition

A

Extent to which a trait or behavior helps an organism survive and reproduce. Traits and behaviors that are innate are genetically determined. Learned behavior is result from observation and experience. Most human behaviors are complex, falling along the continuum from innate to learned.

99
Q

Bottom up processing is

A

Sensory input guides perception driven by incoming data often sensory information

100
Q

Sensory receptors are

A

Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Tonic receptors - continue to produce and toon potentials throughout the duration of the stimuli. Found in the peripheral nervous system, not in the brain.

101
Q

Signal detection theory is

A

Quantifies the accuracy of decisions made under conditions of uncertainty as when it is difficult to say whether a stimulus is present ( trying to detect a plane on a radar)

102
Q

Comorbidity is

A

Simultaneous presentation of two or more psychological disorders ( schizophrenia plus depression)

103
Q

Correlation coefficient r

A

Linear relationship between two variables

104
Q

Mania symptoms

A

Reduced need for sleep, increased energy or agitation, fight for ideas (rapid thoughts), feelings of grandiosity, distractibility, impulsive behavior

105
Q

False positive and false negative means

A

False positive : when the condition is predicted to be present but in reality is absent.
False negative: when the condition is predicted to absent but in reality is present.

106
Q

Reliability vs validity

A

Validity refers to the accuracy of a study and measure. Internal - produces true result, external - generalizability, study can be applied outside the lab.
Reliability - experiment or measure can produce similar results every time,

107
Q

Null hypothesis

A
108
Q

Serial processing is memorize …

A

One piece at a time

109
Q

Absolute threshold is

A

Intensity value at which an individual is able to detect the stimulus 50% of the time

110
Q

Signal detection theory states

A

How judgments or decisions are made under uncertain conditions amid noise (external or internal distractions)

111
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Behavior is associated with a consequence .
Positive reinforcement - a desirable stimulus or outcome is added following a behavior.
Negative reinforcement - undesirable stimulus or outcome is removed following a behavior.
Positive punishment - undesirable stimulus or outcome is added following a behavior.
Negative punishment - desirable stimulus is removed following a behavior

112
Q

Physical dependence symptoms

A

Neurochemical changes in the brain, withdrawal symptoms, tolerance

113
Q

Adrenergic receptors function in

A

Heart rate, bronchodilation, vasodilation, respond to epinephrine and norepinephrine and in automatic nervous system.

114
Q

Dopamine reward pathway

A
115
Q

Stress hormones are

A

Cortisol ( steroid hormone released by the cortex of the adrenal gland), epinephrine, norepinephrine

116
Q

Stress response system

A
117
Q

Phi phenomen characteristics

A

Known as motion picture effect
Is an optical illusion in which a series of still photographs presented in rapid succession appear to be moving.
Perceives motion but not depth

118
Q

Operant extinction

A

In operant conditioning
When a reinforced behavior is extinguished entirely
Occurs after the reinforcement stops

If there is still training happening than it’s not operant extinction

Uworld (24 decks)

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