Societal Foundations

Question 1

includes physical objects that are created by people, such as art, writings, food, building, clothing, etc.

Answer 1

Material Culture

Question 2

The different social roles that a single individual may perform when interacting with different people.

Answer 2

Role Set

Question 3

The factors that influence childhood socialization, including: family, day care, school, religion, peers, workplace, neighborhood, and mass media. Interaction must occur for socialization.

Answer 3

Agents of Socialization

Question 4

Various theoretical views of culture:
an interconnected system
an unequal system
a system that is influenced by human biology as well as social constructs
an evolved set of behaviors

Answer 4

Different Ways to View Culture

Question 5

Act as guidelines for expected behavior. Norms may exist as written laws, folkways that address social interactions, or mores that focus on acceptable moral behavior.

Answer 5

Cultural Norms

Question 6

This problem arises when an individual has role obligations from multiple statuses that conflict with each other, leading to increased stress.

Answer 6

Role Conflict

Question 7

The status into which an individual is born or is given involuntarily, such as race, nationality, or gender. Agrarian societies typically place high value on this status.

Answer 7

Ascribed Status

Question 8

Ideal culture refers to the norms and values that a culture purports to possess.
Real culture deals with the norms and values the culture actually demonstrates.

Answer 8

Ideal Culture vs. Real Culture

Question 9

can include:
Impression management
Idealization
Nonverbal communication

Answer 9

Elements of Self Presentation

Question 10

This process occurs when an individual exits a status and role that was important to his or her identity. It may require considerable adjustments.

Answer 10

Role Exit

Question 11

A form of subculture that stands against certain parts of the dominant culture that surrounds it. Anarchists and polygamists.

Answer 11

Counterculture

Question 12

A cultural norm that is so powerful it doesn’t need to be written down for people to know it is unacceptable. For example, you don’t have to be told that cannibalism is wrong.

Answer 12

Mores

Question 13

A problem that can arise when different obligations within a person’s single role come into conflict with one another.

Answer 13

Role Strain

Question 14

A method of communicating without words. People can use gestures, facial expressions, and even tone of voice to communicate this way.

Answer 14

Nonverbal Communication

Question 15

The belief that an individual’s own culture is right and natural, while other cultures are viewed as bizarre and wrong.

Answer 15

Ethnocentrism

Question 16

The term for when someone is completely cut off from all aspects of social contact.

Answer 16

Social Isolation

Question 17

How culture is created and maintained
How to make an ideal society
Ways that people are the same and different
Social institutions

Answer 17

Questions Asked by Sociologists

Question 18

An approach to understanding culture that states that culture is an interconnected, intricate structure which helps support human needs and gives people meaning.

Answer 18

Structural-Functional Theory

Question 19

Efforts by individuals to control how they are seen by others.

Answer 19

Impression Management

Question 20

The most influential agent of socialization in childhood. Shape how people grow and believe from a very young age.

Answer 20

Family

Question 21

It suggests that values and behavioral norms are based on human instinct. Theorize that certain cultural behaviors have persisted and even evolved over time due to biological impulses that prioritize survival and maximize reproduction.

Answer 21

sociobiology