Individual Social Development

Question 1

Sigmund Freud’s aspect of personality involving childish, impulsive, and thoughtless behavior.

Answer 1

The id

Question 2

A famous psychologist from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, who posited a theory on personality involving the id, ego, and superego.

Answer 2

Sigmund Freud

Question 3

One of Jean Piaget’s stages of development. It occurs between age 2-3 until age 7, and involves partial development of logical thinking capacity. It explains children’s common misperceptions.

Answer 3

Preoperational thinking

Question 4

One of Jean Piaget’s stages of development. Children are born into this stage, which lasts until age 1 or 2.

Answer 4

Sensorimotor intelligence

Question 5

A characteristic exhibited by children in the preoperational stage of thinking, having to do with a difficulty accepting another person’s perspective.

Answer 5

Egocentrism

Question 6

Jean Piaget’s final stage of development, which is typically attained by ages 12-14. Conceptualization. Children are able to solve complex cause and effect problems.

Answer 6

Formal Operational Thinking

Question 7

A set of stages of development regarding morality. These stages include the pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional levels of morality.

Answer 7

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

Question 8

A psychologist who was interested in how children develop their moral senses. He is best known for his three stages of moral development, which he argued account for all levels of human morality.

Answer 8

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 9

The seventh of Erikson’s stages of identity formation. It is observed between the ages of 40 and 65, and is characterized by a pondering of one’s own generativity versus stagnation in life.

Answer 9

The middle adulthood stage

Question 10

The last childhood stage in Erikson’s stages of identity formation. It is observed in children aged 6-12, and is characterized by a conflict between industry and inferiority.

Answer 10

The latency stage

Question 11

A concept posited by sociologist Charles Cooley. It argued the existence of three stages of behavioral and personality development, including imagining, interpreting, and developing self-concept.

Answer 11

The looking-glass self

Question 12

The fifth of Erikson’s stages of identity formation. It commences at approximately age twelve, and is characterized by a desire to discover one’s own identity.

Answer 12

The adolescence stage

Question 13

The last of Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, which is not attained by all individuals. It involves the highest sense of morality, including with regards to the rigidity of laws. In stage five, people will try to act in ways that achieve the most good for the most number of people; they’d judge a law as unjust if it failed to do this. Stage six thinkers develop ethical principles and a sense of justice. Actions are taken because they are right in themselves, not because they help achieve other goals.

Answer 13

The post-conventional stage

Question 14

The first of Erik Erikson’s stages of identity formation. This stage occurs during the first year of life, and is characterized by a conflict between trust and mistrust of others.

Answer 14

The oral-sensory stage

Question 15

The second of Erikson’s stages of identity formation. It is observed in toddlers aged 1-3, and involves conflict between autonomy, doubt, and shame.

Answer 15

The muscular-anal stage

Question 16

A student of psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg and major critic of his theories. Posited her own theories on morality, including her concepts of care-based and justice-based morality.

Answer 16

Carol Gilligan

Question 17

A theory posited by psychologist Carol Gilligan, which argued the existence of a care-based morality, and a justice-based morality.

Answer 17

Ethics of Care theory

Question 18

Occurs from around 7-8 years of age to 12-14 or older. Linked to the direct manipulation of objects. There are four areas operational structure, including numerical operations, conservation, class inclusion and ordering. One of Jean Piaget’s stages of development.

Answer 18

Concrete operational stage

Question 19

The capability of recognizing the unchanging characteristic of an object. The child can demonstrate by returning the object to its original form or organization.

Answer 19

Conservation

Question 20

The capability to simultaneously coordinate a transformation and its opposite or inverse action. He flattens it out, and he knows that he can return it to the original ball shape.

Answer 20

Reversibility

Question 21

Proposed stages of cognitive development through which children and adolescents proceed based on maturation and experience.

Answer 21

Jean Piaget

Question 22

The first of Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development. Decisions are based on the direct consequences to the individual who is perpetrating the morally questionable act. In the first stage, people are motivated by trying to avoid punishment; their actions are bad if they get punished and good if they don’t. At the second stage, people are motivated purely by self-interest.

Answer 22

Pre-conventional

Question 23

The second of Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development. Decisions are based on wanting to please and to be accepted by others. In stage three, people make moral decisions based on getting people to like them. In stage four, moral reasoning centers around maintaining a functioning society by recognizing that laws are more important the individual needs.

Answer 23

Conventional

Question 24

A sociologist from the late 1800s, is well known for his theory of the social self, which includes the concepts of ‘self,’ ‘me,’ and ‘I.

Answer 24

George Herbert Mead

Question 25

Created by George Herbert Mead. Based on the perspective that the self emerges from social interactions, such as observing and interacting with others, responding to others’ opinions about oneself, and internalizing external opinions and internal feelings about oneself.

Answer 25

Theory of the social self

Question 26

Believed that as we grow and age, we pass through eight stages of development. He thought that each stage was defined by a specific conflict between a pair of opposing impulses or behaviors. The resolution (or inability to resolve) these conflicts affects our personalities and identities.

Answer 26

Erik Erikson

Question 27

Considered the socialized aspect of the individual. Represents learned behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of others and of society.

Answer 27

“Me” Theory of the social self

Question 28

Can be considered the present and future phase of the self.

Answer 28

“I” Theory of the social self