Socialism

Question 1

Core ideas

Answer 1

Equality
Collectivism
Common humanity
Social class
Workers control

Question 2

Equality

Answer 2

Esp eocila equality
Essential to ensure social choesion and to establish justice and fairness
People beorn human nature that translates to polictal and legal equality- foundational equality and that people should have access to the same life chances- euqliaty of opp- disagree idea natural hierarchies

But disagree
Absolute euqlaity0 rev
Replace private owenrship with common owenrship
Relative euqliaty- soocial democracy- euqality of opp

Question 3

Collectivism

Answer 3

Collective human endeavour is of greatest economic and moral value than individ endevour
Soociety only be transformed by peoplpe working together more efficient- ccop movenebt,collectivism in action
Human beings as social creatures, work together, interests of gorup take priority over interests of individ
Fairer distribution than unregulated market
But disagree to what extent

Question 4

Common humanity

Answer 4

Humans as social creatures with tendency for coop, socially and rationalists- peopoles place in society determines human behavour
Most optimistic view, people share a common humanity, rational and like to coop with each other
Society largkey equal individ who share common identity and collective purpoose
Fraternity and community
Capitalism sets against each other and undermines common humainity

Question 5

Social class

Answer 5

Grup that shares a particular type of employment level of wealth and status within society
Class defines persons circunmstances, prospects attitudes and explores divisions wihin socity
Rep interest working class- capitalism creates and reinforces harmful social class dividsiona
But disagree if state should have classless (marx) or flexible social democracy

Question 6

Workers control

Answer 6

Based on human nature- collective efort and encourage persioy of group= unchecked free market capitalism exploited workers
Workers most important element within econ so have right to control certain aspects of it
But complete control by worker- rev

Question 7

Strands

Answer 7

Fundamentalist
Revisionist
3rd way

Question 8

Fundamentalist

Answer 8

Capitalism abolished

Question 9

Revolutionary

Answer 9

M,e , luxemborug
Reject use of democratic methods to achieve society
Popular 19th century= poverty and unemp caused by industrial and capitalist- working people excluded from political decision making

Question 10

Revolutionaries argue

Answer 10

State class oppresion protects capitalist interests
Gradual changer never- too deep rooted
Ruling classes never give up priviledge position willing so need rev
Reform not far enough

Question 11

Aim of revolutionary

Answer 11

Collectivisation from each according to ability to each accoridng to need
Absolute equality and classless society
Abolution private property, conrtol owenership of means of production

Question 12

Evolutionary socialism

Answer 12

Webb
Gradually overthow capitalism
Via aprliament
Inevitability of gradualism- democratic socialism

Question 13

Revisionsit socialist

Answer 13

Capitalism to stay

Question 14

Social democracy

Answer 14

Emerge ww2
Marxism irrelevant and democratic socilasm out of date
Reforming rather overthrow

Question 15

Social democracy argues

Answer 15

Capitalism does create welath but problem is does so unfairly
State intevrnetion pritect from harshest effects of capitalism
Best way to change- peaceful democratic methods, class conssensus rather than class sturgle
Socialism morally supperior to capitalists due to its force on social justice

Question 16

Crosland and social democratic principles

Answer 16

Mixed econ comine natioonalisation of some key industries with private owensership
Keynsian to regulate capitalismt econ
Refrom of capitalism using welfare state to redistribute welath and tackle inequlaity

Question 17

3rd way

Answer 17

Neo revisionism
More modern liberalism
Accept free market capitalism, welath creation over redistribution , belief more limited welfare state
Class based politics rejected

Question 18

Marx and engels

Answer 18

Rev- inevitable rev and essential- dictatorship of proletarit
Communist manifesto and cpaital
Human behavour- more nature than nurture, peopel sociable rational cooperatiev with capacity personal development
True comon humanity only under communism
Contaminated by capitalism- enocurages selfishness and greediness
Capitalism alienates workers from product of their labour- dont see whsat produces
Comm alienation disappears people better placed to fulfill potential
Historical materialsism- econ system influence all otehr aspects of life
Huighlight improtance social class- proetariat- exploited class and adapt rev class to overthrow their oppressors
State never neutral served in tension of class that control econ- richest in ssocitey
Dialectic change- class stuggle culmination establishment of comm soictye
Capitalism has created seeds of own destructuion like feudalism
After rev- classless and stateless soiciety would emerge with no poeverty and genuine equality of outcome, temporary dictatorpship of proletariat

Question 19

Luxemburg

Answer 19

Helped establish german comm party post ww1 spartacists
Rev - oppose evolutionar- only rev could achieve genuine change, capitalism based on economic exploitation
Class consciousness overthrow capitalism and develop natural among workers themselves
Rev mass acction- spontanous uprising of proletariat- stikes useful wepon
Critical consequences russ rev fear led to authoritariansm- disagree with lenin about snall disciplened politicsied party vanguard needed to lead among rev,
Disagree- dictatorship of proletariat- new form of democracy based on common owenrship and elections

Question 20

Webb

Answer 20

Inevitablisty of gradualness
Member fabian socitey and supporter founding member of labour paty
Agree capitalism main cuase poverty and inequality
Reject outdated marxist theory of class struggle in favour of democratic socialism
Believed socialism trohugh democratci refomr- peaceful and gradual
Socialism shoudl be includeive ideal
Worried worker potench selfish limited and uninnformed so rep democracy preferable to direct wokrers control
Expansion of state ratyher than overthrow to deliver soicliasm in favour of state intervention in econ
Paternalism vision of socialism elite groups with socilaist principels introduced necessary social reforms and welfare progranmed
Responsible writing clause 4 lab party constition- common oweneership

Question 21

Crosland

Answer 21

Revisionist theorist- social democracy
Opp to capitalism pointless- modern society should adapt accept mixed econ
Future of socilaism - book- major imapct on labour 1960 70 contribute new direction for party- nationasliatoi no longer priority but clause 4 remain
Most important goal equality, managed capitalism can deliver social equality gov persue keynsian econ and high levels spending welfare
Contradict marx capitalism had produced increasing living standards
Greateer euqlaity by increasing spending public services and education not attacking rich
Defined socialism in terms ethical goals rather than class struggle state must manage capitalism to provide fairer distribution of welath, greater social equality and rmeoval class barriers
Comprehensive tripartite system to break down class barriers

Question 22

Giddens

Answer 22

Author the third way- the revival of social democracy- inspiring to blair neew lab projecy
Acknowldge problematic aspects capitalism but argue capitalism is inevitabel and here to stay
Reject marxism- no stage of history and class conflict not inevitably led to rev
Compleyly rejecyt marxism- key stage history class conlfict not leading to rev
Agree crosland that socialism fairness and protect people harshest forms of capitalism rather than class conflict, equliaty of outcome
Social democracy should be modernised in light of development globalisation and technology
Free markett prefered- ecn growth benefit everone
Rejecyt econ and social equality that undeprin stae welfare and redistrbitipn programmes dependancy culture
Blair education education edcuation inspired giddens- education key to acknowledge social justice rtaher than redistribution
Community and responsiblity not class conlfict importnat to promote social cohesion, shared values and sense social resonsiblhity
Role of state social investment in infrasturcture and educatioin not econ and social enginererig’[

Question 23

State agreement socilism

Answer 23

Storng state important to achieve core socialist values- redistribution required to create fairer and more equatable society
Marxist believe short to medium term a stornger state will be reuired until end of history when state withers awasy
Reject idea monarchical/aristocratic state- prefoer deciosn making from people

Question 24

Disagree socialists on state

Answer 24

Overthrown- fundamentalist v revisionist- capitalism overthrown with rev (evololutionary should be overtown but democratically)
Reisionist and 3rd way- intervention and spending on state

Question 25

Marx and engels on state

Answer 25

Capitalist state overthrown in rev- replaced temporariliy with dictatorship of proletariat Eventually state wither awau and communism is established

Question 26

Luxemburg on state

Answer 26

Agreed overthrough through rev- strike action would be key New replacement staet genuinelly democratic

Question 27

Webb on state

Answer 27

State used to create socialism Trhough voting and universal suffrage, possible to achieve gradual transistion without need for rev

Question 28

Crosland on state

Answer 28

Democratic socialist gov can bring about radical sociast change- nhs through high leel sgov spending Redistribbution of income and welath important role for state

Question 29

Giddens on state

Answer 29

Improved existing capitalism and state through decentralising power and enocuraging increased participation State invest social infratsucture progrss and work in parternship with comany compteition state Too much spenidng leads to culture of dependency

Question 30

Agreement socialism on society

Answer 30

Social environment is crucial factor in determining human nature If imporvements made to society- more equal,more efraternity - people product of society lead to societal barriers lowering and greater inclusion Needs of group take priority Importance of equality, egalitarianism Conflict theory- social class most signif and problematic development

Question 31

Society disagree

Answer 31

Society imporved quality via rev- fundamental or gradual- evolution Imporved through complete eradication or alongside capitalism Absolute equality of outcome or social justicee through related social qualities and genuine equality of opportunity- min wage, educational reform Social class- revsionists disagree with fundamentalist views on class conlcit interpret class in more fluifd way

Question 32

Marx on society

Answer 32

Capitalist society defined by class conlfict Rev needed to roduce comm society- end of history Suppport absolute equality

Question 33

Luxembourg on society

Answer 33

Peoples class position econ determined Capitalist class based society morally wrong

Question 34

Webb on society

Answer 34

Poverty and inequality linked to capitalist society limiting peoples potential Change evolutionary not rev

Question 35

Crosland on society

Answer 35

Defines class more flexibly Society more complex than two class mdoel Aim narrow rather than abolish class to achieve social justice Abandoned equality of outcome unrealistic

Question 36

Giddens on socitety

Answer 36

Society can be gradually improved without need to attack basic capitalist principles Aim should be equality of opportunity

Question 37

Socialists committed equality oof opp- agree

Answer 37

Equality core socilaist value, deemed vital for social justcie Socialists believ progress should be key feature of society Disagree hierarchy and inherited privalue

Question 38

Socialists commiteted equality of opportunity disagree

Answer 38

Fundamentalists and sd Fundamentalists v 3rd way

Question 39

To what extent does 3rd way effeectivley abandonn socialist principles

Answer 39

Loa- lareg extent Capitalism and econ- agree 3rd way trade socialism priinciples of fairness and fraternity, but disagree fundamentalist abolish, sd regulate, 3rd free movement Equality- agree-e quality important all But disagree equality of opportunity v outcome Class and society- agree seek society fairer Disagree class conflict

Question 40

Econ socialism agreement

Answer 40

Inequality between social classes is a barrier to true equality of opportunity Capitalists can have someneg effects Econ polciy should be linked to making sodiety farier/ensuring equality of opportunity Principles like fraternity and coop should be at heart econ activity Collectivisn iver private owenership- cllective effprt public owenership

Question 41

Disagree econ socialism

Answer 41

Fundamentally abolish private property and capacity for rev- rev Marxist no capitalist econ created left after rev- democratic evolutionist gradually through elected sociaist gov Reviiosn social position exist with capitalists Sd- crosland- increased public spending, large welfare state 3rd way- gidens- fear of dependancy culture from high public spending, neo lib, mold econ

Question 42

Marx econ

Answer 42

Capitalism exploitative and corrupt, must be overthrown through rev- replaced with colectivism and distributed with needs State wither awauy and no need state management of econ Capitalism beyond refomr

Question 43

Luxemberg on econ

Answer 43

Agree marx

Question 44

Webb on econ

Answer 44

Agreed need for total remodeling of econ and goal of common owenrship- saw happen gradually Rather than abolish state, state should help to produce greater results Naionalisation- clause 4

Question 45

Crosland on econ

Answer 45

Disagree with webb abolish of free market principles andhave colectivisation Called for mixed econ Keynsianism Influence by rawls- enablisng state welfare

Question 46

Giddens econ

Answer 46

Sd outy of date Classical lib free market principles still need for state in econ Self responsibility rather than major welfare rpofits- means tested Equality of opportunity rather than absolute equality

Question 47

Human nature agreement socialsm

Answer 47

Loa agree mor ethan disagree Human nature malleabel rather than fixed- nurture People naturally social creatures thrive as part of community Believe hat natutral fore people to want fairness Postive view human nature Motivated not only by material matter but also by moral incnetives Contribution to common good as basic responsiblity, econ growth not only benefit people but also help find welfare program that can help

Question 48

Disagree human nature

Answer 48

Marx belief human nature particualy suceptable to econ state Viewed as capitalism as more dangerous to human nature tha other fatcors- luxembourg Revision agree that core principles of coop and frat are important= argue human nature can flourish under capitalism Extent to which fairenss should be enforced- marx compete equality, guddens natural to do so but may be aspirational

Question 49

Marx on human natureq

Answer 49

Naturally alturistic and fraternal human nature contaminated by capitslism

Question 50

Lexemburg on human nature

Answer 50

Capitalism hasnt been as damaging. To human nature as me Human nature as fraternal coop and laturistic

Question 51

Webb on human nature

Answer 51

Rev just as damaging to human nature as capitalism

Question 52

Crosland on human nature

Answer 52

People naturally against inequality of outcome and seek fairness