Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

4-Politics-Paper 1- Uk Politics And Ideas > 1- Voting Behaviour And The Media > Flashcards

1- Voting Behaviour And The Media Flashcards

1
Q

Social/demographic long term factors

A

-age/generations
-social class/wealth
-job
-geographical region
-education
-gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Political/rational short term

A

-media consumed
-echochamber- same type of news
-public image+ trust
-esp leaders
-past history
-major issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Accountability

A

-politicians held to statements they have made or policies they have promised to the public or media
-helps to ensure politicians are honest
-eg. Partygae scandal involving boris johnson
pm held to account for breaking the covid lockdown rules he’d imposed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Coalition gov

A

-two or more parties work together in order to form a majority- therefore preventing a hung parliament
-Conservative-Liberal Democrats 2010-2015 under David Cameron and Nick Clegg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Constituency

A

-area of the country which holds one seat in parliment
-each constituency has one mp
-in uk 650 consttuences
-eg. Huntingdon- mp jonathon djanogly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hung parliament

A

-party in power does not have a majority in parliament
-has less than 326MPs and doesnt form a coalition
-a hung parliamnt can lead to a minority gov being in control such as Theresa May’s gov in 2017 in which the conservatibes held 330 seats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Majority gov

A

-the winning party holds over half the majority of seats in parliament- 326 mps
-eg. Conservatives in 2019 had a majority of 80mps
-enables legislation to be passed more easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Minority gov

A

-winning party has less than 326 mps
-resulting in hung parliament or a ‘confidence and supply’ agreement eg. Theresa may 2017-2019 who had c&a with DUPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mandate

A

-public gives permission for a party to govern thorugh that party winning an election
-gives gov right to itroduce policies stated in the manifesto as well as on issues that could not have been forseen or predictd when the manifesto was produced
eg. Covid lockdown rules not in manifesto but passed as had the mandate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Manifesto

A

-list of policies that a leadder or party had which they ‘promise’ to pass or try to pass if voted into power
-published before an election in order to clearly outline hwat an MP or party want to achieve and what they stand for.
-eg. In conservative’s 2019 manifesto- leave the eu in january, increase number of nurses in nhs to 50,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Participation

A

-engagement of the public in the political process
-eg. Right to vote
-political participation levels can be measured by the number who vote in general elections
eg. In 2017 greater participation than in 2019 as 1.5% more of the popuation voted in 2019

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Proportional representation

A

-electoral system in which the amount of seats awarded to a party is proportional to the number of votes cast for that party
-constituencies are irrelevant
-allow for smaller extremist parties to gain more power as more easy, eg NAZIs in Germany in the early 1930s- germany still uses PR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

First-past-the-post

A

-uk system
-elect mps based on them winning the most votes within their respective constituencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Representation

A

-role of MPs
-represent the views of their constituency
-eg. Central Devon- one of the most rural constuencies and so would want their MP to represnet views which reflect the wants of farmers for example

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Social class turnout rates

A

2010
76% AB
57% DE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

EXAMPLES of class less significant

A

1979- Margret Thatcher after ‘winter discontent’
Gained an additional
11% C2 voters 9% DE

2019 manual and non-manual labourers support labour both stoood at 30-35%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stat for voters in north have strong preference for labour party

A

20017
53% labour
37% comservatiev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why did conservatives win female vote 1979

A

-thatcher 1st female leader/candidate to become PM
-argued that high inflation under labour had damaged family finances
-fears that militant trade unionism was damaging the fabric of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why have female vote for conservatives diminished more recently

A

-labour greater focus on NHS and social carE
-Conservative party’s link to euroskepticism(men more likely to be- more vote brexit) and emphasis strong national defence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why younger more likely to vote labour 2017

A

-‘for the. Many not he few’
Abolish tuition fees
Social justice and environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Evidence of lack of influence of media

A

2017
Tabloids attacked corbyn but Labour still increased share of vote- increase seats by 30 from 2015

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Class A

A

Upper middle class
Professional/higher managerial role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

class b

A

Middle class
Professional—need degree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

C1

A

Lower middle class
Skilled workers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

C2

A

Sklled working classes
Electrician
Hairdresser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

D

A

Working class
Unskilled
Factory worker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

E

A

Unemployed or casual (Seasonal) worker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Traditional class voting

A

ABC1-conservatives
C2DE- labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Example class alignment

A

1964 labour 64 DE
Conservatves 78 AB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Increase class dealignment- why

A

Clas dealignment- more middle class and affluent
-main parties adapt- thatcher working class, blair middle class
-other factors more important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Conservatives- geographical region

A

South east nd east anglia
Rural-farming
‘Posh’’ north eg. Cheshire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Labour- geographical region

A

London- young, more diverse and liberal
-northern cities, industrial
Working class eg. Manchester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Iib dem- geographical region

A

-lack concentrated support
-parts of north scotland and south west

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Geographical region- important

A

Less so
2019- red wall
Red car never before voted. Conservtives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Gender and voting behavoir

A

-normally minimal diff
-often women esp older more conservative (eg. 1979 thatcher 47% c 35% l
-young women in 2017 vote lbour
18-24 73% labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Education and voting behavoir

A

-traditionally higher qualifications more likely to be AB so vote conservatives
However less so -2017
Degree 48% labour
No qualifications 52% c
-linked to age and valence(brexit- more educated leave)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Age and votiing behavoir

A

-older more conservative- more about defence, law and order, want to conserve wealth
-younger-liberal and social jsutice- labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Stat for age and voting

A

2017 62% labour 18-24
61% 65+ c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Age and education stat

A

1980 15% full time education post 18
2017-18 50.2% higher education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Age turnoit

A

71% 65+
54% 18-24

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Ethniity and voting behavoir

A

BME vote labour
2017 65’% bme labour
21% c
-more likely to be low pay
-labour more likely to tackle unempkoyment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Turnoiut and ethnicity

A

2010
67%whute
51% BME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Rational choice theory

A

-individuals choose a course of action that is most in line with their personal preferences
-rather than beung staunchly committed to particular party or ideology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Valence

A

Linked to voters making decisions based on how well they think a particular party will perform in gov
Eg. Sucess or failure of gov policies

45
Q

Instrumental voting

A

Voters want to vote focusing on issues that suit their narrow interests - often economic
-eg. Reducing tax

46
Q

Expressive voting

A

Votes for whome good in the community is more important than own personal interests
Eg. Envirionmental concerns

47
Q

Main short-term/valence issues considered

A

-competance of gov
-image and quality of party leadership
-quality of the campaign
-how united are the parties
-economy-how well run
-issues and manifesto promises

48
Q

Competance of gov

A

More ‘swing voters’
Valence judgement used
How sucessful and competant before
Eg. 1979 winter of discontent led to to thatcher being bought in
Conservatives in 2019- appeared competant when got rid of may
Bring in boris- more charastmatic

49
Q

Image and quality of party leadership

A

Esp. How media preset and how storng on tv debates
-eg. Public distrusted corbyn
Radical socialist-not for middle classes
1997-blair more charastmatic, youth, rolled up sleeves

50
Q

Quality of the campaigns

A

-help to convince oters
-link to voters beliefs
-eg. Get brexut done
Memorable, travel around country, digger in wall

51
Q

How unit ed are the parties

A

-voters trust united parties
1997- try party reputation blow as disjointed over europe- helped blair win new labour

52
Q

Economy-how well run

A

Want gov with good economic policy
2010 after 2008- distrust in labour as inability to run economy

53
Q

Issues and manifesto promises

A

Instrumental voting
Eg. Brexit deal, ‘leveling up’’
Corbyn controversial- private schools shut

54
Q

What are opinion polls

A

Statistical research by asking a cross-section of people how they intend to vote in order to estimate levels of support for parties or issues

55
Q

Examples when opinion polls inaccurate

A

2015 policy predicted both l and c 34% but instead c 37% and l 30%
Failure for 2017 hung parliament
Leave result in eu referendum

56
Q

Why are opinion polls often inaccurate

A

-small sample size- 1,000-2,000
-may lie ‘shy tory’
-change mind
-diff to ask everyone- if in day- working person may not answer

57
Q

Opinion polls should be controlled as they are too inaccurate- arguments for

A

-too big influence
-misleading when inaccrate
-should control in immediate run up to election day

58
Q

Opinion polls should be cotrolled as too unreliable- against

A

-free wil
-people swing anyway -opinion poll may be minor factor
-education people on policies more than opinion polls
-responsibility of opinon poll companies to be more accurate
-still influential- regardlesswhen published
-otehr media sources are available
-limits freedom of speech if too controlling

59
Q

Opinion polls should be controlled- too big influence

A

-shape rather than reflect how people vote
Errors in methods, representation
-eg. 2015- hung parliament
Led to conservative campaign focusing on the dangers of a labour/snp coalition at the expense of other issues

60
Q

Opinion polls should be controlled-misleading when inaccurate

A

-remain preducted- some may vote leave as thought decision wouldn’t matter
-disincentivise people to vote at all-poor for democracy

61
Q

Opinion polls shpild be controlled- in immediate run up to election

A

-at thhis time has esp high levels of influence
-media may sensationalise finding
-in other liberal democracies eg. Canada norway france- they have a leel of restrictions on publications of opinion poll data

62
Q

1979 results

A

C majoiryty of 43 seats

C 339(up 62) 44%
L 269(down 50 37%
Liberals 11(down 2) 14%

63
Q

Results 1997

A

L majority of 179 seats
L 418 (up145) 43%
C 165(down 178) 31%
Ld 46(up28) 17%

64
Q

1979 campaign

A

-valence- l failure
Inability to control trade union power
Failure to control inflation
Control unemploywment
Positive press helped

65
Q

Reasons for thatchers sucess in 1979- social

A

By 1979 class dealignment- siwng to conservatives
41% C2. 11%up
34% DE 9% up

66
Q

Reasons for thatchers sucess in 1979-rational choice

A

More becoming floatng voters

67
Q

Reasons for thatchers sucess in 1979-issues

A

-more popular policies esp economy
-both moderate manifestos
-buyt conservatives- return nationalised companies to private
-decreasei n rrade union power
Instrumental botung

68
Q

Reasons for thatchers sucess in 1979- leader

A

1979- james callaghan ‘’sunny jim’
More popular
But thatcher seen as a more effective pm- despite declined invitation to participate in tv debate

69
Q

Reasons for thatchers sucess in 1979-competant party

A

Labour
Increasingly divided, apeared lost contrl of events and economu
Callaghan had a minority gov- suggesting. More commons defeats
-election triggered by a vote of no confidence in his gov

70
Q

Reasons for thatchers sucess in 1979- who best manage economy

A

1978+79- winter of discontent
Series of strikes
Toll on economic reputation of labour

71
Q

Reasons for thatchers sucess in 1979- media

A

-thatcher and conservatives ran a more ‘modern’ campaign
Photoopertuism- holding cow when visit farm or holding shopping
-media presented depressed britain, paralysed by strikes
-sun front page ‘crisis?what crisis:’- suggesting that Callaghan was in denail about strikes

72
Q

1997 campaign

A

-press secretary- alister campbell
-tony blair presented as young charasmatic leader with popular porgressuve centre-left policies
-campaign focused on contrast blair and major (weak and uninspiring reputation)
-‘plege card’ cut nhs waiting lists, reduced primary school class sizes- w/out increasing tax
-party election broadcast- positive and inspiring- sucessfully reached beyond labours typical core voters
Better than c/major - talked straight to screen
-press favourite- sun backing blair was significant
-conservatibes not serious ‘sleaze and disunity’

73
Q

1997 reason for blair success- social

A

-blair effectively broadened the social appeal of new labour as class dealignment increased
-class: increase 10% from middle classes
-age: across all- even 65+ vote labour 41%L and 36%C
-gender: females vote more labour 44%l 32% c
More family minded policies- free nursery places
Growing proportion in workforce

74
Q

1997 reason for blair success- - issues

A

-modernised labour
Moving away from nationalisation- abolish cluse iv ‘common ownership’
Emphasi on constitutional reform- same as lib dem
However l encourage lib dems to vote tactiaclly for labour
-tough on law and order
-highligted need to cut school class sizes and reduce hospital waiting lists
-many similar between l and c

75
Q

1997 reason for blair success- leader

A

-major suffered reputation ‘bastards’- weak and unable to hold party together (europe)
-blair- young (44y/o) , charismatic leader ‘britain deserved better’
Modern, roll uo sleaves, presidentiala style- strong and decisive

76
Q

1997 reason for blair success- competant party

A

-conservatives- sleaze and allegations of scadal
Damaged deep division over europe
Eu membership

77
Q

1997 reason for blair success- economy

A

-black wedesday 1992- c lost reputation
Forced to take out of european exchange rate mechanism- economy plummeyed
-even though by 1997 economy start to recover

78
Q

2017 results

A

-hung parliament- fell 9 short of majoruty- so had supply and ocnfidence with dup
C 317 (dwon 13) 42%
L 262 (up 30) 40%
Snp 35(diwn 21) 3%
Lib dem 12 (up4) 7.5%
DUP 10(up2)
Ni only out of 20 constituencies

79
Q

2017 campaign

A

-journalist andrew rawnsly said that c 2017 campaign as ‘worst in living memory’
-tm appeared ‘robotic’’ in speeches
-didnt participate in tb debates
-labour
For the many not the few- resonate with voters
Labour manifesto- increase public spending in all sectors

80
Q

Reasons for mays sucess in 2017- social factors

A

-class less important - labour only 4% behind than c in abc1
-gender- women equally split
-men favour c by small margin
-age -turnout 64% 18-24 increase (overrwhelming support l)
-84% trnout for over 70
-education wa significant
-low qualified- c 22%+ than l
- high- l 17%+ than c- due to tuition fees being abolished

81
Q

Reasons for mays sucess in 2017- issues

A

-brexit- may called it ‘brexit election’’
C harsher- ex-ukip voters for c
L soft brexit-more support from remainers in lib dem and green
-ipsos mori poll voters preferred c over l on 5?7 issues that are important
-brexit, econmy, education, tax, immigaration
But labour won on nhs and housing

82
Q

Reasons for mays sucess in 2017- leader

A

May more popular than corbyn
Corbyn seen as untrustworthy

83
Q

Reasons for mays sucess in 2017-competant party

A

-skinner- head political reasercher at ipsos mori said the election- ‘the conservatives lead on competance issues is one of the best we have recorded in many years’

84
Q

Reasons for mays sucess in 2017-economy

A

-voters mistrust labours proposed economic agenda
-c 55% support than 18% on economy

85
Q

Reasons for mays sucess in 2017- media

A

-2017 highest uk circulating papers- sun and daily mail-v conservative
-social media- corbyn stornger as spent more
Cobyn facebook 2x likes than may
Hashtag for the many on twitter- apeal younger voters

86
Q

2019 results

A

C 80 seat majority
L worst election since 1931
C 365(up 38) 44%
L 203 (down 59) 32%
SNP 48(up 13) 4%
Ld 11(down 1) 11.5%

87
Q

2019 campaign

A

‘Get brexit done’
Jcb through wall labelled gridlock
-labour- ambitious and expensive- skeptical- eg. Free broadband for all

88
Q

Reasons for boris suceess 2019 - social

A

-regional- fall of the red wal’ - contributed that many voted leave
-c attract more working class voters
6%up DE
20% up C2
-age- v accurate
56% 18-24 l
57% 60-69 c

89
Q

Reasons for boris suceess 2019- rational choice

A

Opinion pols suggest that 25% of voters decided just days before election

90
Q

Reasons for boris suceess 2019-issues

A

-get brexit resolved
C ‘get brexit done’’
L second referendum
-brexit party not putting candidateas against leave supporting c mps
-nhs important
C promise significant increase in health

91
Q

Reasons for boris suceess 2019- most united party

A
  • c as boris removed th whip from tory mps who voted to settle with a no deal Brexit
    -l divided over corbyn more radical and new labour
92
Q

Reasons for boris suceess 2019- economy

A

-many didnt trust l
An independant institute for fiscal studies- declared labours spending plans underfunded/unrealistic

93
Q

Reasons for boris suceess 2019- trust in leader

A

-corbyn lost due to failure to tackle anti-semitism within party
-many found his policies to far left wing and radical- eg. Spending and nationalizqtion- especially for moderate, floating voters
-corbyns satisifaction in ratings in election lower than any opposition leader since the 1970s
-opinion poll after election said that 43% stated poor leadership as reason for note voting labour

94
Q

Reasons for boris suceess 2019-media

A

-newspaper coverage of corbyn- generally negative
-boris in leadership debates- the first one in 2017 got 7 mil views with 1 mill under 30s, age group who mostly abndoned tradtitional news
-johnon- more pm like and more likeable
-c more in socal media- facebook tragetted adds for older voters in amrginal constituencies esp about brexit

95
Q

Turnout across years

A

1979- 76%
1997- 71%
2017- 69% (up 3% from 2015)
2019- 67%

96
Q

Total percentage for 2 main parties

A

1979- 81%
1997- 74%
2017- 82% (highest since 1976)

97
Q

Plan-evaluate the view that media plays a significant role in influenicng voting behavoir in uk elections

A

Broadcast nedia
Print media
Social media
-explain what is before content

98
Q

Broadcast media

A

Tv
Radio
Bbc

99
Q

Print media

A

Newspapers,
Journals
Magazines
Sun

100
Q

Social media

A

Websites and apps
Instagrams, facebooks and twitteer

101
Q

Broadcast media- significant role in influencing behavoir yes

A

-coverage of leaders- visual images- corbyn
-party political broadcast- new labour
-televised debates
-theresa may- not tv debate 2017- looked weak
-2010 first one- 9 milll views
-clegg- strong- lib-dem 28% votes, 2019 11.6% votes
-opinion polls- often commissioned by bbc and channel 4 news in elections
-more older people consume

102
Q

Broadcast media- not significant role in influencing voting behavoir

A

-less biased- bbc charter- legal
-no advertising time- only party political broadcast (but could say sensationsalise)
-good tb performance not = election sucess
Clegg did well but 2 parties dominate- loyalty

103
Q

Print media- significant role in influencing voting behavoir in uk elections

A

-influcence of major paper important- esp switches
Murdoch backed blair 1997
Indicated to many,eg middle class, labour viable option
-utalised by politicians- thatcher and calf appeal to agriculture
-read online- despite print decreasing
-can be biased
Unlike bbc- despite regulations from independant press standards organisation- after levenson inquiry
-add to echochamber0 read newspapers which agree with views

104
Q

Print media- NOT significant role in influencing voting behavoir

A

-circulation most newspapers declined
Feb 2022- daily mail print circulation fall below 900,000 for first time in over 100 years
-read newspapers that already agree with view
Sun readers tory
Media not most significant impact- long term demographic more

105
Q

Social media- signifcant role in influencing votiing behaboir

A

-echochamber- mild political views may be taken deeoer
-partes can advertise and publicise chapelu, mps websites
Eg,. Bojo verified insta- may seem for viewers that his info is more reliable
-twitter posts often used in news- eg. Criticisms
Cancel culture- boris ‘party gate’ lots of anger online 2020 and 2021
-targeted ads
Vote leave- £2.7 mill facebook ads- 2016
-influce especially younger voters
Yougov 2017 said that 18-24y/o influenced by
50% social media
28% newspapers
-attack ads
Tory accused SNP and sinn fein proppiing up ed miliband causing ‘chaos for britain’

106
Q

Social media- NOT influencing voting behavoir significantly

A

-not seen as reliable-fake news
Other sources more trustworthy- broadcat
2019 labour claimed leaked tory documents suggested nhs ‘up for sale’ completely rather than just drugs
-not all voters use social media

107
Q

Example of opinion poll senationalised

A

2016 daily express
98% say no to brexit deal- want to leave now rather than after brussels talk
Acc phone survey of daily express readers only, and only 1% of those readers participated- disproportionate to populatoin

108
Q

Thatcher and econ

A

Greatly influenced hayek and regularly quotes him in cabinet
Iea- institue econ affair clsoely associated with hehr too

4-Politics-Paper 1- Uk Politics And Ideas (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions