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4-Politics-Paper 1- Uk Politics And Ideas > 3- Democracy And Participation > Flashcards

3- Democracy And Participation Flashcards

1
Q

Example of epetition

A

Over half million signed one demanding a ban on all ISIS members from returning o the uk- debate i commons march 2019

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2
Q

Example of open primary used

A

Sarah wollaston- became conservative canditate for tones

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3
Q

Participation in pressure groups

A

Estimated 40-50% uk population member of atleast 1

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4
Q

Votes at 16

A

Campaign to lower the voting age
Use online campaigns
Have had two private member bills attempted in 2017 and 2018
But both failed

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5
Q

Pros for 16 year olds voting

A

Can be well educated in schools
Citizenship lessons, uk youth parliament 11-18 y/o- engage in politics
-given the chance to vote in 2014 scottish independance
75% turnout in that afe grou
2015 onwards can vote in scottish local aned parliamentary elevtions
-habits developed at younger ages- would continue to be responsible citizens
-16 y/o have responsibilities and freedoms
Can joined the armed services have sex, - are mature enough

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6
Q

Cons for 16 y/o voting

A

-limited life experience on which to base their voting decisions- more likely to vote based on peer pressure and parenntal influence
-turnout v. Low 18-24- add to the overall problem of voter apathy
Can vote in the issle of man- 55% 2006, 46% 2016- overall decreased
-very few countries have voting age at 16- uk in mainstream
-more likely to consume fake news/social media- less well informed than older voters

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7
Q

Prisoners voting

A

-in uk cannot vote
Groups such as the howard league for penal reform support votes for prisoners

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8
Q

Prisoners voting- for

A

Hhuman right- echr 2005 rules against european humans right convention
Sweeping ban not fair on those with shorter sentences
-may be a good opportunity in to learn and fulfill civil duties
They are also affected by gov decisions— would return to society

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9
Q

Prisoners voting against

A

Broken the law- civil responsibiliities- broken law they are voting for
-other civil liberties removed- freedom
-not in society- dont know what voting for
Small part of population= 0.001%- too mmuch hassle and difficulties for small no people

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10
Q

Voter id laws

A

Conservatives want greater voter id laws- photo id needed

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11
Q

For voter id

A

Prevent voter frauf
Nothing discriminatory- anyone can apply and register- free compared to driving lisence

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12
Q

Against voter id

A

Additional barrier to voting
Discriminatory- 3.5 mill w/out acceptable photo id-likely to be from disadvantaged backgrounds- drivers licence or passport
Voter fraud only 28 cases
Over 8 mil expected to be off voter register

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13
Q

For voting compulsory

A

-voting is not just a right- it is a civil duty and responsibility- compiulsory voting reinforced this- could have improved education rate- people have to vote so feel respobsibility to inform themselves
-low turnout and voter apathy- undermine legitimacy of election results
-lowest turnout found amoung young, poor and ethnic minority- danger politicians feel less representative of these groups
Should responsibile and represent all groups in socity
Compulsory voting does not reomve right to rejevct all- have ‘none of the above’ option

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14
Q

Voting not compulsory

A

Forcing people to vote is a infringement of civil liberties
Responsivility of politicians should be to encourage to vote
Could lead to people making random. Ill informed choiuces- undermining the legitimacy of election results
Politicians should offer exciting radica suggestions and policies to encourage all sectors of society to vote
2017- 64% 18-24 voted -highest since 1992
Environmental issues and tuition fees high on agenda
Not voting may be a well informed deciision rather than of apathy
Introducing a fine for not voting may discriminate against those who work and have children- dont have time or opportunity

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15
Q

Evaluate the view that access to voting in the uk is too limited

A

Voter if
Prisoners voting
Lower voting age to 16

For- liberal
Against- conservative

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16
Q

Representative democracy

A

A form of democracy in which voters elect reps to take decicions on their behalf

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17
Q

Adv representative democracy

A

Deciisons made by professional, well inffofrmed politicians- more likely to understand complexity of issues- less emotional
Before bill becomes act- scrutiny and debate
Compromise- elected candidate represents interests of everyone- firect democracy-tyranny of the majority
Can hold reps to account and renew mandate- but vcant with direct democrac

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18
Q

Cons representative democracy/our current system

A

Hoc unrepresentative- fptp 2 party system- vhallenges health of rep democravy in uk
Hol unelected
Legitimacy of gov- lower voting %
Parliament not a true microcosm- less diverse
2019- 34% female
27% privately educated- 7% pop. \
Fewer 10% non white ethnic minority
-‘westminster bubble’- disconnect from ordinary voters
‘38 degrrees’ parliament should be movedo ut oof london- too remote from people claim to represent
Disproportionately influence of london based instituttions- pressure groups lobbying groups and media
Low levels of participation concern for free ad fair elevtion

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19
Q

Referendums

A

Most important example of direct democracy
Yes or no- single issue

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20
Q

Forms of direct democracy

A

Referendums
Epetitions
Recalls
Election of party leaders
Open primaries
Public consultations

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21
Q

E-petitions

A

100,000 signaitures- debated in parliament- considered debate hoc
Great way to make parliamnet more reponsive to public opinion

Cons- can. Be ignored
Limit no characters- limit explanation - cant talk in debate
Diff to ahieve no. needed but also small % population
Not be most importanc issue

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22
Q

Recalls

A

Recall of mps act 2015 gave constituents power to force by-election in case of serious wrongdoings v
10% pop of constituent need to sign

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23
Q

Pros recalls

A

Hold mps to account
Effective betweenn elections
No evidence personal vendetta

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24
Q

Cons recalls

A

Person being recalled can stand in by-election
Ihgh threshold
Not that long to next election
Personal vendetta

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25
Election of party leaders
Main uk parties give a direct say to memvers when choosing party leader Party leaders directly accountavble to their members Criticism- too much influence for small group people 80-90,000 rishi v truss
26
Open primaries
Small no constuencies use open primaries to select parliamentary candidates- publiv rather than party members Not cought on- used 1 in 2019
27
Public consults
Used to assess the views of the public on major decisions- hs2- people affected Can be ignored To be effective need a good cross section of public
28
Participation
engagement of the public in the political process
29
Formal participation
Electing mps Voting in referendums Membership of political parties Attending public meetings ‘Top-down’
30
Informal participation
‘Bottom up’ grassroots activitu Online actibiyt- signing/making e-petition Purchasing/buying products for political reasons Discussing politics with friends and damily
31
How is formal participation decliining
Turnourt 77.7% in 1992 to 67% 2019 Party membership 2.9mill in 1951 to 150,000 2015
32
Why formal participation is declining
-mistrucst of politicians and political institytions- eg. Scandals- partygate or 2009 expenses scandal Resulting in negative mmedia rep of party Changes in political cutlure anfd ideas Internet has increassed its influence Increase support single issue pressure group But decrease support political party and trade union
33
Buycotts
Citizens using purchasing power to actively sipport certian products/services- fairtrade
34
Clictivism
More intuitive, low intensity participation- ‘liking’ Share political content-networking
35
Hacktivism
Hacking companies/gov, other establishments to take contro of their website, block or crash servers- for politival reasons Online terrorism Anonymous
36
Other forms n=informal participation
Protests/rallying Join pressure gorup Donation to political party Strikes
37
Majoritarian democracy
Gov based on majority support of those who won in that constituency Minority may be excluded
38
Consultative/participation democracy
Rep elements0 incorperate demands of direct democracy Referendums, public consultatioins
39
Internet and social media- improved the health of democracy
-excellent opportunity for those to engage in poitis- 2016 brexit social media campaign -esp. good for young people may not necessarily feel as committed to more traditional forms of political participation- labour 2017- encouraged more young people to vote -benefits pluralism by incressing information and opinions open to people- smaller groups- easier to listen to thoughts -e-petitions promote engagement and debate between elections -online pressure groups- 38 degrees Change.org- removing vat on tampons -blogs may give more detailed, thoughtful information than more ‘instant’ forms of social media- eg. ‘Conservative home’
40
Internet and social media is bad for democracy
-social media not balanced- no guarentee that info provided is accurate- echochamber effect -e-petitions, like referendums, reduce q to ‘uyes or no’ -increasingly common for messages to be antidemocratic Misleading, hateful -false impressions of how popular a view is- may be ‘trending’ but minority believe -diff to distinguish betweem fact and opinion on bligs
41
Example of members of political party had power
1952- 2.8 mill members of conservatives Pushed party to go further on house building
42
How did labour party increase in membership
2015 leadership contest Claim to embody ‘mass movement’ of over half mill in mar 2017 Many claim snap election of 2017 did it
43
Snnp membership
120,000 members/5 miill pop After independance referendum
44
Membership of partys demographic
2017- sussez uni 51% uni graduate 80% abc1 61% male
45
Importance of party memebrship
Choose local constituency candidate Safe seats- means chooses mp Mps make up selectorate that chooses party leader- pm
46
demographic of councillors
Local gov associations census of local authority counillors in 2013- 67.3% male (down from 70.1% in 2001 96% white ethnic origin- down form 97% in 2001 Av age councillor 60,2% 46.6% retired , only 19.2% full time work Part time job in normal working hours ‘Councillores often called pale, stale and male’
47
Lobbying importance
important part of how legislation is scrutinised and ‘aslo a potential predator’ ‘Often the first ones to alert mps when a government bill contains a nasty policy’ National trust lobbyig- 4.2 mill paird up members Eg. Warned national planning policu framework proposed by minister supposed to lead to a rise in house building will mean that ‘local voices will not
48
Limiteations for pg
Transparency of lobbyuiung, non party ccampaigning and trade union adminsitration act 2014 Inc clause limit amount charities could spend on campaigns in lead up to general election
49
Pointless epetitions
Stop trump from visiting uk (when candidate) even though trump said nothing about visiting
50
Main problems with uk democratic system
Decline in trust in poliiticians and political process Low turnout- reduce legitimacy of mandates Decrease membership of political parties High levels apathy and disengagemnt- reforms required to change this from a democratic deficit or participation crisis
51
Optimistic view on uk democracy
Low levels of engagemnet suggest people are content- hapathy Some general eleections do imporve high turnout and referendums- brexit Informal and new ways to participate- epetitions Although party membership fallen. Recently lab party seen sugre- as well as in pg
52
Reforms suggested to increase participation
Replace fptp to pr for westminster elections Increase and enhance use of e-petition Expansion digital democracy Furtherdevolution Lords reform Enhance power of recall
53
Replace fptp to pr for westminster elections- how imporve
More rep Eliminate safe seats and wasted votes- more incentive to vote
54
Increase and enhance use of epetitions
Greater say in what is debated in parliament- if automaticly in parliamentary vote/debate- more accountable
55
Expansion of digital democracy
Encourage further political discussion More with modern time Online votng- but could lead to hacking
56
Further devolution
Bring greater decision makng to the people Greater divide n and south Could increase voter fatigue Turnout in local parlaiment low
57
Lords reform
Unelected chamber to make more rep- make more accountable Could cuase greater dvisions Could just be reformed to no hereeditaryy
58
Enhancing power of recall
Broadening so more reasons why- greater accountable
59
Etv that uk contnues to suffer from participation crisis
Low leve;s turnout and decrease party membership Alternative informal participation increase Non-online informal participation increease- strikes, protests
60
Sectional (or interest)) groups
Membership restricted to a particular section of society Protect the interests of that particular group- membership restricted to them- pay sic pay, redundancy Eg. National union of teachers (nu)
61
Cause or promotional groups
Membership open, mass support Aims often alturistic, benefit society as a whole Greenpeeace, friends of the earth, insulate
62
Social movements
Similar to cause group but more loose structure Spontanous and casual Usually radical snguar objective Just stop oil or blm
63
Relationship wit h gov- pg
Insider or outsider grouups
64
Insider gorup
Close special relations with gov Aims usually compatble with those of gov Depend on party in power- conservatives- cbi Bma not going to ignore
65
Outsider group
No close association with the gov Excluded from consultation Focus on mobilisng public opinion to put pressure on gov Extinction rebellion
66
Access points
Places where pgs attempt to exert influence Decision makers- gob, parliament, courts, devolved body, politcial party- insider Outdser- epetition, media and public opinion
67
Think tanks
Group of experts set up in order to generate ideas Con- adam smith insttute Labour fabian society
68
Lobby insider
Pg meet with politicians and civil servants to argue their case and persuade them to adopt their ideas/policies Face to dace Bma, cbi, professional companies (google))
69
Lobby as an outsider
Pg meet ith parlament, mps act More challenging Environmental grups, green[eace more respectable than extinction rebellion
70
Research and publsh reports
Can hghlight pg cause and inform politcians and public Eg. Thinktank- institute for gov
71
Give evidence at hearings
Eg. Select comm or public consulatiions Best if insder
72
Publicity campaigns
May aim to encourage the public to put pressur on gov’ Just stop oil and outsiders
73
Example of corrupt election
2014 mayoral election in the London borough of Tower Hamlets, ended up being voided on the grounds of corrupt and illegal practices.
74
Pluralist democracy
Political power is distributed Diff groups and organisations can compete to gain influence
75
Alliances pg tactic
With other pg behind shared cause Tu strike same day Votes at 166, youuth council and national union of students
76
Factors affecting success pg
RIPE Resources- friends of isreael Ideology- compatibility with gov Populaity Expertise- bma insuder
77
Etv pg, lobbyists and think tanks do more to help than hinder democracy
Loa0- agree Participation Representation Accountabilityy
78
Etv pg, lobbyists and think tanks do more to help than hinder democracy-participation- agree
Increase info either side debate Eg abortion- british pregancy advisory scheme- pro choice v right to life uk- health discussion due to expert info available Pg alternative participation Turnout not exceeded 19650 83.9% Party membership fall- con 2.9mill 1951, to 180k 20019 7000+ pg in uk
79
Participation- aganist - Etv pg, lobbyists and think tanks do more to help than hinder democracy
Civil disobedience- violence, break law Threaten others with methots- against free movement right Not consttructive-no discussion- alienated furtehr
80
Representation- agree- Etv pg, lobbyists and think tanks do more to help than hinder democracy
Fptp- tyrnanny of the majoirty0- party appeal to masses Apply pressure to support minority- aug 2021- protests outside downing street, 100s non-binary, trans and allies- failure of healthcare- push full recognition of gender recognition act- 1% pop non binary Equalities act 2010 introduced- provided freedom from discrimination on basis of race, ggender, age, disabiliity- pg support
81
Representation- against- Etv pg, lobbyists and think tanks do more to help than hinder democracy
Disproportionatley support certain groups Welathy- oil companies- shell Revolving door of former politicians Greensill scandal- cameron speak to sunack chancellor for gov backed loan under covid corperation financed facilitiy Insider status more= never going to have exitinction rebellion over bma
82
accountability- agree- Etv pg, lobbyists and think tanks do more to help than hinder democracy
Gain public support- blm 20200- support on issues previouusly ignored Esp case near general electioin- improve position on polcu 2020 boris promise ban conversionn therapy- process aiming to convert persons sexual or gener orientation- but stopped discussion- demand from think tanks- lgbt societies Think tank direct scrutiny gov On behalf of minorities
83
Accountability0 against - Etv pg, lobbyists and think tanks do more to help than hinder democracy
May lack leadership or sturcture- who to blame- not accountable themselves (but dont need to be as hold less pwoer)) Unlikely to be sucessfulul if not compatible with gov- lack legitimacy, no accountabilitity held
84
Etv the view that the tactics pg use are the most important reason for success
Tactics Popularity Status /power Loa- no more important is status and power
85
Etv that tactics pg use most impotant reason for sucess - agree- tactics
Stunct much support Lobbyists Protests ect May gain money from these popularity
86
Etv that tactics pg use most impotant reason for sucess - no- tactics
Lobby depend on money Still depends on public support or gov stance- just stop oil no negotaitions
87
Etv that tactics pg use most impotant reason for sucess - popularity- yes
Increase popularity, increase power exerted, reflect mass audience If suupport more money and power given
88
Etv that tactics pg use most impotant reason for sucess - popularity -no
If insider doesnt matterr how popular0- bma alwas
89
Etv that tactics pg use most impotant reason for sucess - status/power- yes
Insideer vs outsider status Revolving door- greater connections if can afford
90
Etv that tactics pg use most impotant reason for sucess - status/power- no
Outsider still power eg surfers against sewage Rely if gov support or not Relu oon money stil
91
Etv pg have little impact on gov decisions- compatbility- yes
Outsider Can ignore Gov mandate to carry out policies in manifesto- no obligation to views of unelected, unaccountable grpu[s= [h 2023- tu- organised to have strongest impact or increased pressure- but gov not willing to discuss or compromise as far Think tank such as fabien society less likely to be listened to by con
92
Etv pg have little impact on gov decisions- compatibility0 yes
Insider groups Esp if high level expertise- bma Cbi rep businesses Con thinktank- taxpayer alliance, adam smith foundation
93
Resources- yes- Etv pg have little impact on gov decisions
If lack- money memebrship, organisation, infrasturcture- competition for many groups- pluralism for gov attention Social meovement- just stop oil- little impact
94
Resources- no Etv pg have little impact on gov decisions
Certain well resources, effectively organised and collective gorups will have more impact Lobbyists- companies- google (clegg head of coomms) apple- online HARMS bill
95
Popularity- Etv pg have little impact on gov decisions- yes
Will ignore if unpopular Insulate britian, xtinction rebellion- 0civil disobedience0-0 glue to roads
96
Populairty0 agaisnt- Etv pg have little impact on gov decisions
Esp if near election time- more poopular chosen Chhange.org petitions with lots of sognaitures Hillsborough judtsic campaign- deaths at football- newspaper campaign- pushed for info-inquest
97
Bma
Tu for doctors and student doctors Prtest and striking- currently for 26% or 35% ibcrease pay for junior doctors Insider group- influence in gov Success with period poeverty which would let hospitalis sanitary provisiosn in hospitals
98
Just stop oil- pg case studes
Coalition of groups whic work together to ensure gov commits to all new licenecning, consent for exloration, development and producton of fossil fuels in the uk Pr stunts and protests Glue themselves to road iin whitehall Vandalise van gogue sunflower w tomato soup Cabel tie themselves to premier league goal post in goodson park Minimal success and arguably cuased increase police pressure and locking on bill
99
Hra 1998
Bought echr into british law Clear statement of uk civil liberties- enforece case in courts Judges power to issue declarations of iincompatibility of legislative conflicts with echr
100
Why hra introduced
Imporve portection of civil liberties Make british citizens mroe awware of their civil liberties Save citizens time and money to travel to strasbourg for echr Part of blairs overall package of constitutional reforms - promised in 1997 manifesto
101
Civil liberties
Rights and freedoms to which citizens are entitled Distinguuish between legal rights (eg right to vote), moral natural righst (right to life))0 Freedom of assembly and association- tu Freedom from discrimination- race gender
102
When should rights be restricted
When threat to national security- right to life- 9/11 2001 anti terroism crime and secuirty act- imprison foreign terrorist supsects indefinitely without trial 2015 organised crime and opolice act- limit rights of people to protest outside palriament 2020- 21 covid pandemiic- gov introdouced laws to restrict peoples freedom of moveemnt Recent 2022- police, crime and sentencing courts act0- ban locking on, police crtain proetsst, pressure gov0- big brother watch - restirct right to protest
103
When can rights conflict
Between individual and collective rights
104
Collective rights
Particular gorup share certain characteristics Workers rights Lee v ashers bakery- court ruled in favour of religious freedom couple owned bakery
105
Freedom of info act 2000
Establish a right to know Public right to access info held by public bodies as long as it does not threaten national security Made gov nore open and transparent- 2009 mps expenses scandal- foi
106
Equalities act 2010
Equality for all before the law Discrimination illegal on grounds of age, disability, gender, race
107
Howard league for penal reform
Prsion reform Worked on supporting prisoners voting- eesp since declaration of incompatibility in 2005 Books for prisoners- campaign set up in 2014 to overturn restrictions on sending books to people in prisons- sucessful in dec 2014 high court judge ruled ‘there was no good reason’ to restrict access to books for prisoners Programme to decrease child arrests On issue of securing a reudction in the size of the prison population- less successful Review in may 2016- ‘tehere is no public service in such disarray as the prisons’ More successful on smaller matters
108
Liberty
Defend freedom to ensrue all treated fairly Win pension equality for same sex couples in court Recent cases- cpn appeal on beggng ban- legal support after women given a community protection order that forbae her from begging Parliament may consult them to ensure rights met
109
Example of unsucessful pg with gov decision
Electoral reform society Voter id laws
110
Example of company pg and gov decisions
Online harms bill Tech companies- google, meta Eg lawyers ect on select comm Claim expertise
111
Diff popularity pg
Insulate britain and just stop oil VS surfers against sewage More peaceful tactics used hence less neative press
112
Example groups striking
Royal college of nursing Demanding 10% pay increase- at least
113
Etv that rights in teh uk are not adequately protected
Loa- yes Judges Parliament Pg
114
Etv that rights in teh uk are not adequately protected- judges- yes
Limit to power of uk judges- esp if compare uk to ysa- gov canot strike decisions/acts of parliament Hra not entrenches- no bill of rights Hra inc political and civic rights but not all economic, social and cultural rights
115
Etv that rights in teh uk are not adequately protected- judges- no
Uk judges much more power to protect citixens rights through declarations of incomparibilty So for gov acted upon every doi Judicial review increased significantly- constitutional reform cra and independant supreme court Symbolic judgements- lee bvs asher- cements that religion overruls gay rights
116
Etv that rights in teh uk are not adequately protected- parliament- yes
Good majority override opp of rebels Eg. 2022- polic, crime sentencing and courts act- restricts right to portest 2023- locking on bbill Voter id laws restrict right to vote Whips- party over people Often minority repressed Emergency powers- eg. Right to freedom with covid pandemic
117
Etv that rights in teh uk are not adequately protected- parliament- no
Parliament strong reocrd of balanced decisiosns Createion stronger rights culture Pasisng of hra- echr into u law- citizens gretaer awareness Eg article 8 right to privacy 10 freedom of expression Foi 2000 Equalities act 2010 Accountability and ge representations ensrured
118
Pg- Etv that rights in teh uk are not adequately protected- yes
Pg can be igrnoed if not ideologicaly compatible with gov Not obliged to respond to pg campaign- eg, liberty friends of the earth 2022 act limiting right to peaceful protest Pg raise awareness of issue but dont mean gov respond to their demands
119
Etv that rights in teh uk are not adequately protected- no- pg
Act as useeful gaurdians of citizens rights- liberty, howard league, bigb rother watch, amnesty international May give legal adbvice and expertise Insider groups v powerful eg. Bma
120
Example of popular conflictinng with parliamentary soveriegnty
2016 eu ref 52% leave 26% mps leave
121
Groups overrep in paerliamemt
Lgbtq 7% 2019 parlaiemnt comp 2.7% estimated Privately educated 29 comp 7
122
Sucess of petitioner
2020 rashford endchildfood poverty gained over 1.1 mill signaitures= persuade gov to commit to free school meals for llow income families over school holidays
123
Consultative examples
Hs2 and heathrow airport
124
Use of open primaries
2015 13 con candidates selected this way Only one 2019
125
Distort house of lords
Johnson appt 86 new ones 42 were con inc major donar to con patry cruddas
126
Tactics of votes at 16
Seks endorsement of politicians lists names on website Pmb mahons
127
Who says 16 year old arent adults
Un cnvention on righst of the child
128
Vote on prisoner voting
234 v 22 in favour of
129
Insider pressure gorup
Howard league for [enal refpmr impartial to homeo ffice on important info concernig prison reform, policing and youth crime
130
Celebrity leadership for pressur egorup/cause
Marcus rashford with free school meals in holidays Stephen fry for mind mental health capmign
131
Influence of cbi
Rep 190,000 businesses employing nearly 7 million people
132
Examples of pg better under con
Taxpayers alince cbi
133
Unsucessful pg
Stop hs2 Lack sucess due to cross party support mps 399v 42 and hol 386 t 26 2020 e petition vote repeal legistlation 155,000 signaitures- yet strong palriamentary support ignored Stop the war coalition 1 mill march london 2001 Yet blair majority
134
Sucess blm
Wlsh schools 2022 mandatory teach history of black asian and minority ethnic peole Renaming colston hall school to bristol beacon
135
Revolving door example
Clegg in 2022 to meta
136
Lobbysist sucess for improving debate
Put forward interests of gin drinkers 2008 repealed gin act and now boutique gin becoming one of the uks most enterprising new exports
137
High profile critic of rwanda
Archbishop of canterbury welby- subbcontracting our reso[nsonilities
138
Name for lcoking on bill
Police, crime sentencing and courts act 2022, designed to limit impact of public protests and has thus generated significant opposition from civil iberties groups
139
Liberty cout case
2020 supported ed bridges case agianst sw police breached article 8 hra stored biometric date secured by automatic faciail recognition surveillence And thus sw police required greater care in implemntation of autoatic faicial recognition
140
Amnesty international
Helped to increase presusre on mps with nazanin zaghari-ratcliffee held in iran to get her released
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Influence from lobbying
Con 10% donors from housing related organisations hence hesitence on housig reform, no fault eevictions And many mps are landlords- 1/3 voting on no fault evictions according to new statesman

4-Politics-Paper 1- Uk Politics And Ideas (9 decks)

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