socialisation culture and identity

Question 1

What is socialisation?

Answer 1

The process by which we learn about the norms and values of our society.

Question 2

Define norms.

Answer 2

Behaviours the majority of people engage in.

Question 3

Define values.

Answer 3

Morals or beliefs.

Question 4

What are the agents of socialisation?

Answer 4

• Family
• Education
• Mass Media
• Peer group
• Religion
• Workplace

Question 5

What is primary socialisation?

Answer 5

During the early years of life, their first experiences of socialisation.

Question 6

What is secondary socialisation?

Answer 6

From school age onwards, an increasing number of influences socialise.

Question 7

How does the family socialise children?

Answer 7

• Role models
• Positive and negative sanctions
• Gender roles

Question 8

What did Parsons say about the function of the family?

Answer 8

The function of the family is to socialise the young.

Question 9

What did Dennis and Erdos study?

Answer 9

Fatherless children are less likely to be successfully socialised into the culture of discipline.

Question 10

What did Chapman find about gender roles in families?

Answer 10

Children are socialised into their gender roles through the chores they are given.

Question 11

What did Williams observe during her study on toy buying?

Answer 11

Parents use the experience of toy buying to teach children how to operate in a consumer society.

Question 12

What is the concept of ‘canteen culture’?

Answer 12

Set of norms and values that people in a particular organisation are socialised to accept - waddington

Question 13

What is the role of peer groups in socialisation?

Answer 13

• Shared norms and values
• Role models
• Cultural comfort zones
• Peer pressure
• Gender socialisation

Question 14

What did Blackman find about new wave girls?

Answer 14

They had shared interests in new wave music and wore the same fashions.

Question 15

What is the hypodermic syringe model?

Answer 15

The media has a direct effect on its audience.

Question 16

What is the two-step flow model?

Answer 16

The media has an indirect effect on its audience through discussions with friends.

Question 17

What did Gauntlett find about gender representation in films?

Answer 17

Men are more likely to be shown as heroes and women as victims.

Question 18

How does education function as an agent of socialisation?

Answer 18

• Formal curriculum
• Informal curriculum

Question 19

What did Hatcher find about the education system?

Answer 19

It doesn’t encourage working class success.

Question 20

What is the hidden curriculum?

Answer 20

The norms and values taught informally in the education system.

Question 21

Define culture.

Answer 21

A ‘way of life’, focusing on the beliefs and customs of a society or social group.

Question 22

What is a subculture?

Answer 22

A cultural subgroup differentiated by factors that unify the group.

Question 23

What is consumer culture?

Answer 23

A culture where consumers desire goods and services for non-utilitarian reasons.

Question 24

What are the features of a consumer culture according to Lury?

Answer 24

• Wide range of consumer goods
• Shopping as leisure
• Debt as a social norm
• Large scale packaging and promotion

Question 25

What is McDonaldisation?

Answer 25

The spread of business practices that prioritize efficiency and predictability.

Question 26

What is high culture?

Answer 26

The set of cultural products held in the highest esteem.

Question 27

What is popular culture?

Answer 27

The totality of ideas and phenomena preferred within the mainstream culture.

Question 28

Define multiculturalism.

Answer 28

A term describing societies with a proliferation of different cultures.

Question 29

Fill in the blank: The four functions of religion according to Alpert are _______.

Answer 29

[Authority, Cohesion, Discipline, Collective worship]

Question 30

True or False: Men are generally more religious than women according to Miller and Hoffmann.

Answer 30

False

Question 31

What did Modood find about the importance of religion among young people?

Answer 31

67 percent of Pakistanis and Bangladeshis saw religion as ‘very important’.

Question 32

What does multiculturalism emphasize?

Answer 32

The unique characteristics of different cultures ## Footnote Multiculturalism is often associated with societies that have a variety of cultures due to immigration.

Question 33

Who discussed the concept of McDonaldisation?

Answer 33

George Ritzer ## Footnote Ritzer argues that society is becoming similar to a business, focusing on mass production of ideas and trends.

Question 34

What influences workplace choices for many Chinese individuals?

Answer 34

Family and cultural background ## Footnote This is evident in their employment in the catering industry.

Question 35

How is the internet used by minority ethnic groups according to Parker and Song?

Answer 35

To organize social events and provide forums for discussion ## Footnote This helps address issues related to different ethnic identities.

Question 36

What role does religion play for minority ethnic groups according to Davie?

Answer 36

Maintaining cultural identity and community solidarity ## Footnote This is particularly important in new environments.

Question 37

Define cultural diversity.

Answer 37

Ethnic, gender, racial, and socioeconomic variety within a society ## Footnote Cultural diversity reflects the variety of identities in a given society.

Question 38

What is a passive identity?

Answer 38

An identity one is born or socialized into, such as gender or ethnicity ## Footnote This concept is discussed by Bradley.

Question 39

What is an active identity?

Answer 39

An identity that individuals actively choose to pursue, such as hobbies or beliefs ## Footnote This is also explained by Bradley.

Question 40

What is hybrid identity?

Answer 40

A new form of identity that emerges from the combination of two or more types of identity ## Footnote This includes class, race, ethnicity, gender, and age.

Question 41

What does the nature/nurture debate discuss?

Answer 41

The influence of biological factors versus environmental factors on behavior ## Footnote Nature refers to genetics, while nurture refers to socialization.

Question 42

Who was Genie and what does her case support?

Answer 42

Genie was a child confined to a small room; her case supports the nurture explanation ## Footnote Her lack of language skills despite rehabilitation demonstrates the impact of socialization.

Question 43

What happened to David Reimer and what does his case support?

Answer 43

David Reimer was reassigned as female after a botched circumcision; his case supports the nature explanation ## Footnote He identified as male despite being raised as female.

Question 44

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart reveal?

Answer 44

Similarities and differences in twins raised in different families ## Footnote It suggests a combination of nature and nurture influences.

Question 45

What is formal social control?

Answer 45

Written rules or codes of conduct associated with formal agents of socialization ## Footnote Examples include school rules and religious codes.

Question 46

What is informal social control?

Answer 46

Expectations without written rules, often associated with family and peers ## Footnote Peer expectations can lead to exclusion if not followed.

Question 47

What are the four functions of religion according to Alpert?

Answer 47

* Authority * Cohesion * Discipline * Collective worship ## Footnote These functions help maintain social order and community.

Question 48

What does Troyna and Williams argue about the British school curriculum?

Answer 48

It is ethnocentric, prioritizing white culture and the English language ## Footnote This highlights issues of representation in education.

Question 49

What is the role of peer groups in informal social control?

Answer 49

They establish expectations for behavior that can lead to exclusion from the group ## Footnote These 'rules' are not formally documented.

Question 50

What do Skelton and Francis discuss regarding playgrounds?

Answer 50

The existence of group areas in playgrounds ## Footnote This reflects social dynamics among children.

Question 51

What is the 'macho lads' school subculture?

Answer 51

A representation of popular culture among certain groups of boys ## Footnote This subculture often emphasizes traditional masculinity.

Question 52

What does Polhemus suggest about individual style?

Answer 52

We can 'shop for our style,' choosing how to portray ourselves ## Footnote This implies that identity can be fluid and personalized.