mass media Flashcards
Who introduced the concept of functionalism in sociology?
Emile Durkheim
Functionalism emphasizes shared experiences and values that create social solidarity.
What is social solidarity?
A sense of belonging achieved through rules, norms, and roles
It is also referred to as a collective conscience.
What does the organic analogy in sociology compare society to?
A biological organism
Each part of society plays a role in maintaining social order, similar to how organs function in a body.
What is labeling theory?
A theory that suggests labels can affect how individuals are treated and can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies
Associated with Becker’s interactionism.
What concept did Cooley introduce regarding identity?
The looking glass self
It describes how individuals form their identity based on how they think others perceive them.
What did Kidd suggest about family structures in a postmodern world?
Family definitions are ambiguous
The concept of family has evolved and is no longer easily defined.
What were the findings of Dennis and Erdos regarding fatherless children?
They are less likely to be successfully socialized into the culture of discipline
Their study indicated a correlation with poor health and criminal records.
What did Williams find about parents and consumer culture?
Parents use toy buying experiences to teach children about consumer society
Very few instances of resisting gender stereotypes were noted.
What function does Parsons attribute to the family?
To socialize the young
The family plays a critical role in instilling values and norms.
What are the four ways children are socialized into gender roles according to Ann Oakley?
Manipulation, Canalization, Verbal Appellations, Different Activities
These methods influence children’s understanding of gender roles.
What does McRobbie and Garber’s study focus on?
Bedroom culture of teenage girls
It examines how gender representation is portrayed in media.
What did Blackman study about ‘New Wave Girls’?
Their fashion choices and resistance to masculine control
They engaged in activities that defied traditional norms of femininity.
What is the term for the set of norms and values that workers are socialized to accept in an organization?
Canteen culture
Introduced by Waddington, it describes workplace socialization.
What did Alpert identify as the four functions of religion?
Discipline, Authority, Collective ceremonies, Cohesion
These functions help reinforce social norms and values.
What is the significance of the study conducted by Rosenthal and Jacobson?
It demonstrated the self-fulfilling prophecy in education
Teachers’ expectations influenced student performance.
What does the term ‘ethnocentric curriculum’ refer to?
A curriculum that prioritizes white culture and the English language
Described by Troyna and Williams.
What does the term ‘supermarket of style’ refer to?
The ability to choose one’s identity influenced by media
Coined by Polemus, it reflects postmodern consumer culture.
What did Bouchard’s Minnesota Study of Twins reveal?
Identical twins raised apart exhibit similarities in personality and interests
The study highlights the influence of genetics.
What is the significance of the case of Genie?
A case study in nurture, showing the effects of extreme neglect
Genie was deprived of social interaction and language development.
What does the term ‘macho lads’ refer to in the context of school subcultures?
A school subculture characterized by hostility towards authority and traditional learning
Identified by Mac an Ghail.
What was the outcome of the Jamie Bulger case in relation to media influence?
It raised questions about the impact of violent media on youth behavior
The case involved claims that the boys were influenced by a film.
What did the Hypodermic Syringe Model propose about media influence?
Audiences are directly injected with media messages
It suggests a passive and homogenous audience.
What is the two-step flow model in media theory?
Social groups influence how audiences interpret media messages
Proposed by Katz and Lazerfeld.
Who analyzed the bedroom culture of teenage girls?
McRobbie and Garber
They focused on how girls engage with pop culture in private spaces.
What term refers to the school subculture characterized by opposition to authority and ‘laddish’ behavior?
Macho lads
This concept was introduced by Mac and Ghail.
In postmodern society, what does Polemus suggest about media and personal style?
The media provides us with a tool to ‘shop for our style’.
What does Berger claim about art and class?
Art transmits ruling class ideas that possessions are important.
What concept refers to knowledge of classical music, literature, and arts passed down generations?
Cultural capital
This idea was developed by Bourdieu.
What term describes the phenomenon where society becomes similar to a business, focusing on mass-produced ideas and trends?
Mcdonaldization
This concept was introduced by Taylor.
What term refers to the blending of cultural identities, often seen in youth interactions?
Ethnic Hybridity
This concept is explored in studies by Les Back and Gillespie.
What did Blackman study regarding ‘New Wave Girls’?
Their fashion and resistance to masculine control.
What are the four ways children are socialized into gender roles according to Oakley?
- Manipulation
- Canalization
- Verbal Appellations
- Different Activities
What does Rich argue about women’s sexuality in a patriarchal society?
It is oppressed through various institutions.
What is the term used to describe men who identify as heterosexual but engage in same-sex acts for money?
Rent boys
This concept was discussed by Reiss.
What is the term for the process where individuals accept a label of homosexuality and seek out others in a subculture?
Homosexual career
This concept is defined by Plummer.
What did Weeks say about sexual identity?
It is complex and involves various forms of identification.
What did the study by Louise Archer reveal about working-class girls?
They faced disadvantages for not conforming to traditional gender identities.
What did the media portray about young people, according to Pearson?
They are shown as folk devils.
What is the concept of ‘horizontal’ and ‘vertical’ segregation in the workplace?
- Horizontal: Inequality of men to women ratio
- Vertical: Promotions within an occupation
What did Jackson’s ‘Ladebe study’ reveal about girls’ behavior in schools?
Some girls displayed ‘laddish’ behavior.
What role does family play in age identity according to Parsons?
Socializing the young to influence age identity.
What did Holm and Bowker find about women in major world religions?
Women are usually subordinate.
What does the term ‘consumer culture’ refer to?
A culture focused on shopping and consumerism.
Who studied the tea room trade in relation to cultural diversity?
Humphries.
What did Taylor argue about the media’s role in youth culture?
The media largely brings about youth culture and subcultures.
What does the metaphorical ‘white mask’ represent in Johal and Bains’ study?
Children fitting into the majority culture at school.
What is the significance of the term ‘moral panics’ in relation to homosexuals?
It refers to the media’s portrayal of homosexuals as deviant.
What does the term ‘bedroom culture’ refer to?
The private space where teenage girls engage with culture.
How are young people portrayed in the media according to Pearson?
Young people are shown as folk devils
This reflects societal fears and stereotypes about youth behavior.
What negative traits are old people associated with in media according to Willis?
Grumpy, stubborn, lonely, and interfering
This portrayal contributes to ageist stereotypes in society.
According to Biggs, how are old people depicted in the media?
Feeble, vague, and forgetful
This further reinforces negative stereotypes about aging.
What concept does Bennec discuss regarding age identity and peer groups?
Age is a ‘neo tribe’ that individuals can drift in and out of
This suggests that age identity is fluid and not strictly defined.
According to Eisenstadt, what role does youth culture play in society?
It binds young people into society and fosters relationships with peers
This helps young people develop feelings of community.
What does Skelton and Francis suggest about school playground dynamics?
Students mix primarily with their own age group
This highlights the importance of age in social interactions.
What function does Durkheim attribute to education in relation to age identity?
Prepares the young for the roles they will play in adult life
This emphasizes education’s role in socializing youth.
What correlation does O’Beirne find between religion and age?
Individuals with a religion are usually older on average than those who aren’t
This suggests a demographic trend in religious participation.
According to YouGov, which age group has the lowest belief in God?
Young people aged 18-34
This indicates a generational shift in religious belief.
What percentage of respondents named ageism as a form of discrimination faced in the workplace?
38%
This highlights the prevalence of age-related discrimination.
What do Featherstone and Hepworth say about individual life courses?
They are becoming destructured and fragmented
This leads to varying experiences of age discrimination.
What advantage do middle-class mothers have according to Reay (1988)?
They can influence their child’s schooling more effectively than working-class mothers
This reflects disparities in educational engagement.
What is ‘cultural capital’ according to Bourdieu?
Knowledge of classical music, literature, and the arts passed down through generations
This concept explains educational and social advantages.
How are working-class families portrayed in the media according to Glennon and Butsch?
Underrepresented and often shown as unintelligent or struggling to move upwards
This reflects class biases in media representation.
What did GUMG find about the portrayal of mine owners versus working-class miners during the miners’ strike?
Mine owners were shown in a more positive light than working-class miners
This reflects class bias in media narratives.
What relationship does Mac an Ghaill identify between school masculinities and class?
School masculinities are linked to class distinctions
This illustrates how social class influences identity formation.
What coping strategies did working-class boys adopt according to Willis (1977)?
Developed anti-educational coping strategies due to accepting school failure as inevitable
This reflects resignation and adaptation to educational challenges.
How does Bruce (1995) view the religious practices of working-class mothers?
They are often too busy to attend religious services and prefer social activities like discotheques
This indicates a shift in priorities among working-class families.
What role does religion play according to Marx in class identity?
Used by the bourgeoisie to transmit upper-class ideology and create false class consciousness
This suggests religion serves to maintain the status quo.
What does Savage (2013) state about the background of doctors?
Doctors are normally from middle-class backgrounds
This highlights class disparities in professional occupations.
What did Devine (2004) find regarding class discussions in interviews with professionals?
Most respondents did not refer to the concept of class
This raises questions about the relevance of class in contemporary society.
What themes run through all black cultures according to Gilroy?
Awareness of historical experiences of slavery
This reflects a collective memory and identity among black communities.
What did Alexander find regarding black youths in London?
They identified certain styles, music, and ways of expression as recognizable signs of ‘black’ identity
This emphasizes the importance of cultural expression in identity formation.
What dual identity do some Asian girls experience according to Seidler (2002)?
Traditional roles at home and a more questioning femininity outside
This illustrates the conflict between cultural expectations and personal identity.
What career path is common among some Chinese individuals according to Song (1997)?
Following family into businesses like restaurants or takeaways
This reflects the role of family in occupational choices.
How are black people represented in British media according to Van Dijk (1991)?
Portrayed as criminals
This perpetuates negative stereotypes and racism in media representation.
What role does the internet play for minority ethnic groups according to Parker and Song (2006)?
Used to organize social events and discuss issues related to ethnic identities
This highlights the importance of digital spaces for community building.
What does Alexander (1996) say about peer groups in the formation of black culture?
Peer groups significantly influence the creation of black British identity
This shows the importance of social networks in identity development.
How does Clarke (1973) describe the identity of skinheads?
Portraying their working-class identity as an important aspect of their subculture
This illustrates how subcultures can reflect class identities.
What metaphorical concept do children use to fit in with majority culture according to Johal and Bains (1998)?
Metaphorical ‘white mask’
This highlights the adaptation strategies of minority children in schools.
What do Troyna and Williams (1986) argue about the British school curriculum?
It is ethnocentric, prioritizing white culture and the English language
This indicates a lack of representation for minority cultures.
What did Modood (1997) find about the importance of religion among Pakistani and Bangladeshi youths?
67% saw religion as ‘very important’
This contrasts with lower importance among white British youths.
What did KhaCab & Modood (2018) find regarding predictors of educational and occupational attainment?
Religion and skin color were the best predictors
This indicates systemic inequalities based on ethnicity.
How do ethnic workforces vary according to Modood?
Some are ethnically diverse while others are dominated by one group
This reflects labor market disparities based on ethnicity.
What does Friedson say about common perceptions of disability?
Disabled people are viewed as having impediments preventing normal functioning
This influences societal attitudes towards disability.
How does Best define disability?
Inability to fully participate in activities taken for granted by the majority
This highlights societal barriers to inclusion.
What does Zola argue about the vocabulary used to describe disability?
It is borrowed from a discriminatory able-bodied society
This reflects the stigma associated with disability.
What does Shakespeare say about the socialization of disabled individuals?
They are often socialized to see themselves as victims
This creates a ‘victim mentality’ affecting self-identity.
What obstacles to positive disabled identities does Shakespeare identify?
Isolation, lack of role models, and societal reactions
This complicates the formation of collective identity among disabled individuals.
What positive self-identity concept does Murugami (2009) present?
Constructing a self-identity that accepts impairment but is independent of it
This emphasizes personal agency in identity formation.
How are parents of disabled children depicted in research according to Ryan and Runswick-Cole?
As either ‘allies’ or ‘oppressors’
This highlights the complexities of parental roles in disability contexts.
What stereotypes of disabled people are recurring in the media according to Barnes?
Pitiful, sinister, super-cripples, incapable of community participation
These stereotypes reinforce negative perceptions of disability.
What differences in social engagement exist between disabled and non-disabled children according to Yude et al.?
Disabled children are less engaged and have lower sociometric status
This reflects social barriers faced by disabled children.
How do disabled students in mainstream settings compare to those in specialized settings according to Hunt et al.?
Engage more with peers and develop better social skills
This suggests benefits of inclusive education for disabled students.
What disadvantage do disabled people face in the labor market according to OECD?
They are disproportionately unemployed and underemployed
This highlights systemic barriers to employment.
What role do religious institutions play for people with disabilities according to Rose?
Provide comfort and belonging, but often lack necessary accommodations
This indicates a gap in inclusivity within religious communities.
How is national identity constructed according to Anderson?
Through symbols, rituals, and social practices
This emphasizes the social aspects of national identity.
What are Hirschi’s four crucial bonds that prevent anomie?
- Attachment
- Commitment
- Involvement
- Belief
These bonds contribute to social cohesion and law-abiding behavior.
What impact do transnational companies have on national identity according to Waters?
They may lead to the decline of national or local cultures
This reflects globalization’s effects on cultural identity.
What three reactions to globalization does Stuart Hall suggest countries may display?
- Cultural homogenization
- Cultural hybridity
- Cultural resistance
These reactions illustrate diverse responses to global influences.
What does Ian Condry (2006) describe about Japan’s hip-hop scene?
It appropriates and remakes global hip-hop culture within a local context
This demonstrates cultural exchange and adaptation.
What term does Nayak (2003) use to describe young white working-class males adopting ‘black culture’?
White Wannabes
This highlights cultural appropriation and identity exploration.
What does Johal (1998) describe as ‘Brasians’?
British Asians who selectively move between British and Asian cultures
This reflects the fluidity of cultural identity.
What tendency did Cashmore & Troyna (1990) find among ethnic minorities in response to racism?
To ‘turn inwards’ and seek support from their own ethnic community
This indicates coping strategies in the face of discrimination.
