SCI Flashcards
Who is associated with the concept of social solidarity?
Emile Durkheim
Social solidarity involves shared experiences, perspectives, values, beliefs, and behaviors that bind people together.
What does functionalism focus on in sociology?
Shared experiences and collective conscience
Functionalism emphasizes how norms and roles contribute to social stability.
What is the organic analogy in sociology?
Society is compared to a biological organism
Each part of society plays a role in maintaining social order, similar to how organs function in the human body.
What is labeling theory?
A concept in interactionism where labels affect individuals’ behavior
Proposed by Becker, it suggests that labels can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies.
What are the three stages of the looking glass self according to Cooley?
- Imagining how we appear to others
- Imagining the judgment of our appearance
- Developing our self through others’ judgments
This concept illustrates how identity is formed through social interaction.
What did Dennis and Erdos find regarding fatherless children?
They have a greater statistical chance of poor outcomes
Outcomes include poor physical health, low IQ scores, and a criminal record.
What is the function of the family according to Parsons?
To socialize the young
The family plays a crucial role in imparting cultural norms and values.
Fill in the blank: According to Ann Oakley, children are socialized into gender roles through _______.
Manipulation, canalization, verbal appellations, different activities
These methods help reinforce gender identities.
What did McRobbie and Garber study in relation to teenage girls?
Bedroom culture and gender representation in media
Their work highlighted how media shapes the identities of young girls.
What phenomenon did Blackman observe in ‘New Wave Girls’?
Resistance to masculine control and non-conformity to femininity
Blackman studied their fashion and interests in music.
What is the concept of ‘canteen culture’ as described by Waddington?
Norms and values socialized within a specific organization
This culture influences language, behavior, and attitudes in the workplace.
What is the significance of the ‘supermarket of style’ according to Polemus?
Individuals can choose their identity from a variety of styles influenced by media
This reflects postmodern consumer behavior.
Who conducted the study on media violence and its effects on children?
Bandura
He demonstrated that children imitate aggressive behaviors seen in media.
What did the Hypodermic Syringe Model suggest about media influence?
Audiences are directly injected with media messages
This model implies a passive reception of information.
What are the four basic functions of religion according to Alpert?
- Discipline
- Authority
- Collective ceremonies
- Cohesion
These functions help maintain social order and commitment.
What trend did Bruce note about church attendance?
Declining attendance at traditional church services
This indicates a shift in religious engagement.
What did Madood find regarding the importance of religion among Pakistani and Bangladeshi youths?
67% reported religion as very important
This contrasts sharply with 5% of white British youths.
What does the term ‘ethnocentric curriculum’ refer to?
Curriculum prioritizing white culture and English language
Described by Troyna and Williams, this can marginalize other cultural perspectives.
What did Rosenthal and Jacobson’s study conclude about teacher expectations?
Teacher expectations can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies
Their study demonstrated that students labeled as ‘spurters’ performed better due to higher expectations.
Fill in the blank: The Minnesota Study of Twins conducted by Bouchard found that identical twins raised apart had similar _______.
Personality, interests, and attitudes
This highlights the influence of genetics on behavior.
What does the term ‘consumer culture’ refer to according to Belk?
A culture where consumers desire goods for non-utilitarian reasons
This includes status seeking and novelty.
What did Lury identify as features of consumer culture?
- Wide range of goods
- Shopping as leisure
- Debt as a norm
- Large-scale promotion
These features reflect the complexities of modern consumer behavior.
Who is associated with the study of the ‘crisis of masculinity’ in the workplace?
Mac an Ghail
This concept explores the impact of women entering traditionally male jobs.
What is the significance of the ‘Learning to Labour’ study by Willis?
It examined how working-class culture resists education
This resistance limited their opportunities for upward mobility.
What does the term ‘moral panic’ refer to in the context of media representation?
Media amplifies fears about youth deviance
This results in negative stereotypes of young people.
What did the study by Hagell and Newburn reveal about violent young offenders?
They watch less TV than non-violent counterparts
This challenges the assumption that media violence directly influences violent behavior.
Who conducted research on the impact of social media on consumer behavior?
Belk
His work highlights the influence of platforms like TikTok and Instagram on purchasing decisions.
What subculture is associated with ‘New wave girls’?
Blackman
Refers to a specific group of young women characterized by their fashion and music interests.
Who analyzed the ‘bedroom culture of teenage girls’?
McRobbie and Garber
Focuses on how teenage girls engage with culture in private spaces.
What subculture is described as ‘macho lads’?
Mac and Ghail
Relates to a school subculture that exhibits hostility towards authority and emphasizes traditional masculine behaviors.
According to Polemus, what does the media provide in postmodern society?
A tool to ‘shop for our style’
Indicates the influence of media on personal style choices.
Who stated that the media largely creates youth culture and subcultures?
Thornton
Highlights the role of media in shaping youth identities.
What concept did Berger analyze regarding art?
Art transmits ruling class ideas
Suggests that art reflects and reinforces societal values related to possessions.
What is ‘cultural capital’ according to Bourdieu?
Knowledge of classical music, literature, and the arts
Refers to the cultural knowledge that is passed down through generations.
What phenomenon does Taylor describe as ‘McDonaldization’?
Society becoming like a business with mass-produced ideas and trends
Reflects the dominance of American cultural ideals.
What term describes the metaphorical ‘white mask’ worn by children to fit into majority culture?
Johal and Bains
Discusses the loss of individual cultural identity among minority children.
What is the ‘supermarket of style’ according to Polemus?
Media as a tool to dictate ‘cool’ styles
Highlights how the media influences fashion and consumer choices.
What did Williams find about gender stereotypical toys?
Parents buy gender stereotypical toys due to advertising
Illustrates the impact of marketing on children’s play.
What is the ‘tea room trade’ study related to?
Humphries
Examines homosexual behavior in public spaces among men who identify as heterosexual.
What does Seidler’s research indicate about girls from some Asian backgrounds?
Lead a double life between traditional roles and questioning femininity
Highlights the tension between cultural expectations and personal identity.
What did Les Back study regarding young people in South London?
Cultural borrowing and inter-racial friendship
Explores how different racial groups interact and influence each other’s identities.
What did Gillespie find about British Punjabis and television?
They redefine their ethnic identities through media
Highlights the active engagement with different cultures among young British Punjabis.
What is passive identity according to Bradley?
Identity that one is born or socialized into
Examples include gender, class, ethnicity, and age.
What did Wilson argue about gender identity?
Men are more promiscuous due to reproductive needs
Discusses biological perspectives on gender behavior.
How does Oakley suggest children are socialized into gender roles?
Through manipulation, canalization, verbal appellations, and different activities
Outlines the methods through which families influence gender identity.
What is the concept of ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ as discussed by Rich?
Women’s sexuality is oppressed by patriarchal society
Highlights how societal structures limit women’s sexual autonomy.
What did Plummer suggest about the process of homosexuality?
Homosexuality as a ‘homosexual career’
Describes how individuals who accept a homosexual identity seek out a community.
What did Phoenix find about boys who work hard in school?
They are seen as feminine by peers
Reflects the stigma associated with academic success among boys.
What is the ‘crisis of masculinity’ according to Mac an Ghail?
Men facing challenges as women take on traditionally male jobs
Discusses the changing dynamics of gender roles in the workplace.
What is the impact of religious attendance on attitudes towards homosexuality according to Dirk-Jan Janssen?
Stronger religious beliefs lead to greater rejection of homosexuality
Indicates a correlation between religious involvement and views on sexual identity.
What did Weeks argue about sexual identity?
More complex than other aspects of identity
Discusses the nuances of identifying as gay versus engaging in same-sex encounters.
What does the term ‘ladettes’ refer to in Jackson’s study?
Girls displaying ‘laddish’ behavior like smoking and swearing
Highlights a subculture among girls that challenges traditional femininity.
What did Kane find about parents and gender nonconformity in sons?
Mixed reactions to sons’ gender nonconformity
Indicates societal expectations around masculinity.
How are young people portrayed by the media according to Pearson?
Young people are shown as folk devils
Pearson discusses the negative stereotypes associated with youth in media representations.
What negative characteristics are often used to describe old people in media according to Willis?
Grumpy, stubborn, lonely, and interfering
Willis highlights the stereotypical portrayals of older individuals in media.
According to Biggs, how are old people depicted in media?
Feeble, vague, and forgetful
Biggs emphasizes the derogatory terms used for elderly individuals in media narratives.
What concept does BenneC introduce regarding age identity and peer groups?
Age is a ‘neo tribe’ we can drift in and out of
BenneC suggests that age identity is more fluid and based on social connections rather than strict age boundaries.
How does Eisenstadt view youth culture?
As an important way of binding young people into society
Eisenstadt argues that youth culture fosters community and helps young individuals navigate their transition to independence.
What did Skelton and Francis find regarding peer interactions in school playgrounds?
We mix with our own age group
Skelton and Francis observed age segregation in social interactions among schoolchildren.
What is Durkheim’s perspective on the function of education?
Prepares the young for the roles they will play in their adult lives
Durkheim emphasizes education’s role in socialization and vocational preparation.
What demographic trend does O’Beirne highlight regarding religion?
Individuals with a religion are usually older on average than those who aren’t
O’Beirne notes the age disparity in religious affiliation.
According to YouGov, what is the belief in God among younger individuals?
Lowest among the young (18-34)
YouGov’s survey indicates a generational decline in religious belief.
What percentage of individuals faced ageism in the workplace according to the Mori survey?
38%
The survey highlights the prevalence of age discrimination experienced by workers.
What do Featherstone and Hepworth say about individual life courses?
Becoming destructured and fragmented
They argue that this fragmentation results in varied experiences of age discrimination.
What does Reay (1988) suggest about middle-class mothers?
More able to influence their child’s schooling than working-class mothers
Reay discusses the advantages of social class on parental involvement in education.
What is ‘cultural capital’ according to Bourdieu?
Knowledge of classical music, literature, and the arts passed down through generations
Bourdieu’s concept explains how cultural advantages are inherited and perpetuated.
How are working-class families represented in media according to Glennon and Butsch?
Underrepresented and often portrayed as unintelligent
They critique media bias towards middle-class representations.
What did the GUMG content analysis reveal about media portrayal during the miners’ strike?
Mine owners shown in a more positive way than working-class miners
This analysis demonstrates class bias in media narratives.
How does Mac an Ghaill link school masculinities to class?
Linked to ‘macho lads’ for working class and ‘real Englishmen’ for middle upper
Mac an Ghaill discusses how class influences expressions of masculinity in schools.
What did Clarke (1973) find about skinheads and class identity?
Portraying their working-class identity was important in their subculture
Clarke’s study highlights the intersection of class and youth subcultures.
According to Willis (1977), how did working-class boys react to school failure?
Developed anti-educational coping strategies
Willis illustrates the fatalistic attitudes of working-class boys towards education.
What did Bruce (1995) say about working-class mothers and religion?
Too busy providing food to attend religious services
Bruce highlights the challenges faced by working-class families in maintaining religious practices.
How does Marx view religion in relation to class?
Used by the bourgeoisie to transmit upper-class ideology
Marx critiques religion as a tool for maintaining the status quo among the classes.
What do Savage (2013) and Devine (2004) reveal about the class background of doctors?
Doctors are normally from middle-class backgrounds
Both studies explore the social class disparities in professional fields.
What themes does Gilroy argue run through all black cultures?
Awareness of historical experiences of slavery
Gilroy emphasizes the significance of historical consciousness in black identity.
What did Alexander find regarding black youths in London?
Felt that certain styles were instantly recognizable as ‘black’
Alexander’s study highlights cultural markers in black identity.
What double life do some Asian girls lead according to Seidler (2002)?
Traditional role at home and questioning femininity outside
Seidler discusses the conflict between cultural expectations and individual identity.
According to Van Dijk (1991), how are black people portrayed in British media?
As criminals
Van Dijk critiques the negative stereotypes perpetuated in media representations.
What role does the internet play for minority ethnic groups according to Parker and Song (2006)?
Used to organize social events and discuss issues related to ethnic identities
They highlight the internet as a tool for community building.
What did Clarke (1973) find about skinheads and their subculture?
Portraying their white working-class identity was important
Clarke’s study emphasizes the role of class in shaping youth subcultures.
What does Johal and Bains (1998) say about children and cultural adaptation?
Some wear a metaphorical ‘white mask’ to fit in at school
They explore the pressures of assimilation in educational settings.
How do Troyna and Williams (1986) describe the British school curriculum?
Ethnocentric, prioritizing white culture and the English language
They critique the lack of diversity in educational content.
What did Modood (1997) find about the importance of religion among Pakistani and Bangladeshi youths?
67% saw religion as ‘very important’
Modood’s survey highlights the centrality of religion in the identity of these groups.
What factors did KhaCab & Modood (2018) identify as predictors of educational and occupational attainment?
Religion and skin colour
Their analysis shows how these factors influence life chances.
How are workforces described in terms of ethnic diversity according to Modood?
Some are ethnically diverse, while others are dominated by one group
Modood discusses the implications of ethnic diversity in employment.
What does Friedson say about the common perception of disability?
Disabled people have an impediment preventing them from operating ‘normally’
Friedson critiques societal views on disability.
How does Best define disability?
Inability to fully take part in activities that others take for granted
Best’s definition emphasizes the social aspects of disability.
What does Zola argue about the vocabulary used to describe disability?
Borrowed from a discriminatory able-bodied society
Zola critiques the language surrounding disability and its implications.
What does Shakespeare (1996) say about disabled individuals’ self-perception?
Socialized to see themselves as victims
Shakespeare discusses the impact of societal attitudes on self-identity among disabled individuals.
According to Murugami (2009), how can a disabled person construct their self-identity?
Accepts their impairment but sees themselves as a person first
Murugami promotes a positive view of disability and self-identity.
What roles do parents play in the lives of disabled children according to Ryan and Runswick-Cole?
Portrayed as either ‘allies’ or ‘oppressors’
Their research highlights the complex dynamics between parents and disabled children.
What stereotypes of disabled people are found in the media according to Barnes?
Recurring stereotypes include:
* Pitiful and pathetic
* Sinister and evil
* Super-cripples
* Sexual abnormal
* Incapable of participating fully
Barnes outlines the damaging media portrayals of disability.
What did Yude, Goodman, and McConachie find about children with disabilities compared to non-disabled peers?
Less engaged in interaction and have lower sociometric status
Their study emphasizes the social challenges faced by disabled children.
What benefits do disabled students in mainstream settings experience according to Hunt et al.?
More peer interaction, advanced play, and social skills
Their findings support inclusive education practices.
How are disabled people disadvantaged in the labor market according to OECD?
Disproportionately unemployed and underemployed
OECD highlights systemic barriers faced by disabled individuals in employment.
What do Rose’s findings suggest about disabled individuals and religious institutions?
Often turn to religious institutions for comfort but face exclusion
Rose critiques the accessibility and inclusivity of religious spaces for disabled individuals.
How is national identity socially constructed according to Anderson?
Through symbols, rituals, and national holidays
Anderson emphasizes the symbolic nature of national identity formation.
What are the four crucial bonds that Hirschi identifies that prevent anomie?
- Attachment
- Commitment
- Involvement
- Belief
Hirschi’s theory connects social bonds with crime prevention.
What does Waters say about transnational companies and national identity?
They increasingly dominate trade, affecting local cultures
Waters discusses globalization’s impact on national identity.
According to Stuart Hall, what are the three reactions countries may have to globalization?
- Cultural homogenization
- Cultural hybridity
- Cultural resistance
Hall outlines potential responses to global influences on culture.
What does Ian Condry (2006) say about Japan’s hip-hop scene?
It appropriates and remakes American culture
Condry explores the cultural exchange and transformation within Japanese hip-hop.
How does Nayak (2003) describe ‘White Wannabes’?
Young white working-class males adopting elements of ‘black culture’
Nayak discusses cultural appropriation and identity among youth.
What are ‘Brasians’ according to Johal (1998)?
British Asians who switch between British and Asian cultures
Johal examines the fluid nature of cultural identity among British Asians.
What tendency do Cashmore & Troyna (1990) find among ethnic minorities in response to racism?
To ‘turn inwards’ and seek support from their own community
They highlight how racism can influence community cohesion and identity.
