socialisation and family Flashcards
definition of socialisation
process where children are taught behaviours deemed appropriate by the community
features of socialisation
mostly happens in family environment in early yrs
other social influences: peers, teachers, relatives etc
family definition
dynamic system, members of the family are constantly changing and the structure of a family in society is changing all the time
what makes a good parent
-responsiveness/sensitivity and warmth
-heavily linked to secure attachments
-children securely attached tend to have higher self esteem, higher IQ, less aggression
what are the 4 dimensions of parenting according to Baurmind
warmth, expectations, consistency of rules, communication
what three styles of parenting did Baurmind find
she looked into the four dimensions and found 3 styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive
what were Maccoby and Martin’s two major dimensions
-acceptance/responsiveness
-demandingness and control
what are the four parenting styles found by maccoby and martin
authoritative: high acceptance, high control
authoritarian: low acceptance, high control
permissive: high acceptance, low control
uninvolved: low acceptance, low control
what is the difference between authoritative and authoritarian parenting
both have high levels of power, the difference is how the power is asserted
which of maccoby and martins parenting styles produces the happiest and well adjusted children
authoritative
what are shaffer and kipps developmental outcomes of baurminds authoritative parenting style
childhood: high cog and social competencies
adolescence: high self esteem, excellent social skills, strong moral/prosocial concern, high academic achievement
what are shaffer and kipps developmental outcomes of baurminds authoritarian parenting style
childhood: average cog and social competencies
adolescence: average academic performance and social skills, more conforming than children of permissive parents
what are shaffer and kipps developmental outcomes of baurminds permissive parenting style
childhood: low cog and social competencies
adolescence: poor self control, poor academic performance, more drug use than authoritative/authoritarian
cultural differences in parenting styles
-western society prefers authoritative, other places prefer authoritarian
-Keshavarz + Baharudin 2009: looked at Malay, chinese and indian families which all endorsed authoritarian styles
what are the findings of a study by leung, lan and lam 1998
higher academic achievement related to authoritative parenting in english speaking pp groups
what are barber’s 2 types of control when disciplining a child
- behavioural (firm discipline) e.g having time out
- psychological (withdrawal or induction) e.g withholding affection, inducing blame on child
what is the best type of control when disciplining a child
behavioural
-psychological control can lead to deviant behaviour, lack of self control, can psychologically harm the child
features of sibling rivalry
-it is normal and begins at birth of sibling
-less rivalry if parents continue to pay attention to older child and explain the changes
-conflicts are fewer as children grow older
influence of siblings
-normally positive: provide emotional support, learn to care for each other, teach each other
-siblings get along better if parents monitor activities and if parents’ relationship with both is close
in what way can parents treat siblings differently
-have more expectations of first born/punished more
-later borns more open to new experiences
what can stressful events like family conflicts and divorce inflict on a child
anxiety, distress, higher aggression, depression etc
-prolonged conflict is often worse than divorce
-divorce effects vary on child’s temperament, sex and age
what can cycles of unhappy marriages and divorce cause
strong negative effects
effects of stable remarriages
-girls profit less from gaining a stepfather than boys
-stepmothers tend to be less well received than stepfathers
what do the american academy of paediatrics suggest about screen time
-children under 18 months should avoid screen time other than for video calls
-age 2-5 = screen time should be limited to 1 hr of high quality programmes a day
according to richert 2010 what is the average age a child starts watching tv
5 months
does tv watching increase with age
it increases till age 11, then declines
who suggested by the time a child is 18 they will have watched 20,000 hrs of tv
kail and Cavanaugh 2007
does watching tv increase language development
-Schmidt 2009: tv in infants not associated with improved lang
-Christakis 2004: every hr in front of tv aged 8-16 months = 6-8 fewer words learnt
-Richert 2010: educational dvds do not aid lang learning in toddlers
at what age can children learn new words from tv
Rice and woodsmall: from 3 yrs
what is television literacy
ability to understand and interpret the info on tv
what is the video deficit
children cannot generalise what they see on tv to real life so it doesnt benefit cog in any way
-most tv programmes jump from scene to scene so is hard to understand
prior to 8/9yrs how do children process tv
in piecemeal fashion/ bit by bit
7 yr olds do not even understand tv is fictional (Wright 1994)
strengths of watching tv
+ social viewing leads to shared experiences (Lemish 2007)
+ increase in prosocial behaviour when shared experience
+ older children can learn from educational programmes (Anderson 2001)
+ no declines in watching tv as long as it is not excessive (Hutson et al)
weaknesses of watching tv
- when tv not accurate reflection of society it can create false stereotypes e.g gender roles (Hust et al), beauty and attractiveness (Harrison 2000), race
-inactivity leads to obesity (anderson 2001)
-violence on tv can influence behaviour
what is a benefit of the internet and social media
+ helpful to complete school work
+ Jackson gave computers to deprived 13-14yr olds and saw increase in academic performance
+ feel closer to friends
+ access to health info
advertising and children
-children can easily distinguish tv adverts by 5 yrs, but find it harder to on a website
-children under 8 are unable to understand the persuasive intent
