person perception Flashcards

1
Q

what is person perception known as

A

the science of first impressions

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2
Q

definition of person perception

A

process by which we gauge others’ temporary states such as emotions, intentions, desires and enduring dispositions (beliefs/traits/abilities)

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3
Q

how quickly do we judge others

A

lasting impressions form in under 100ms (Willis and Todorov 2006)

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4
Q

what is impression formation

A

Hamilton and Sherman
-observers integrate info about others’ self presentation into unified judgement
-dynamic and continually updating process

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5
Q

what model demonstrates how we form impressions

A

Asch (1946) configural model

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6
Q

what are the beliefs shaping Asch’s configural model

A

-some traits influence us more than others
-central traits are salient and peripheral traits are less so

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7
Q

what is the procedure of Asch’s configural model

A

-American college students receive a talk from an academic
-Asch introduces the academic with a list of words e.g intelligent, skillful, determined etc and either warm or cold
-students rank talk on many factors
-when warm the agreement is high when cold there is more distribution with the rankings
-being described as warm or cold are central traits that affect perception of other traits

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8
Q

procedure of Asch’s variation of the configural model

A

-repeated word list but with blunt/polite
-these are peripheral traits so have less impact on impressions

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9
Q

weaknesses of Asch’s configural model

A

-how can you distinguish what traits are central
-centrality of a trait might be a function of context (Zanna and Hamilton 1972)

-we tend to rely on warmth and competence (Fiske 2007), politeness and bluntness are related so how come they didn’t affect perceptions similarly

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10
Q

what are the biases in impression formation

A

-primacy and recency
-positivity bias
-negativity bias

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11
Q

what is the primacy and recency bias

A

Asch (1946)
-the order you find out information affects judgement
-usually the first thing you hear drives perception
-under certain conditions e.g tiredness, recency can drive impressions
-

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12
Q

what is positivity bias

A

Sears 1983
-‘benefit of the doubt’
-we assume the best in people in the absence of other evidence
-we evaluate individuals more positively than groups
-e.g in 300,000 teacher ratings 97% of students rated their teacher above average

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13
Q

what is negativity bias

A

-if we hear negative info these exert very strong influences on our impressions
-these are harder to change (Hamilton and Zanna 1974)
-negative info carries survival value for us: we avoid social costs

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14
Q

personal constructs

A

Kelly 1955
-we develop unique ways of judging people based on our preferences

Hehman 2017
-your own experiences shape the ways we see others

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15
Q

who came up with cognitive algebra

A

Anderson 1981

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16
Q

what are the three types of cognitive algebra

A

summation
averaging
weighted averaging

17
Q

what is cognitive algebra

A

-model to understand how we arrive at an overall evaluation of a person
-assumes a mental rating scale when judging a person

18
Q

what is summation

A

-part of cognitive algebra
-each trait has a value attached
-summing the values tells us if we have a positive or negative impression
-new info counts so the more we find out the more our impressions change

19
Q

what is averaging

A

-part of cognitive algebra
-traits are given a positive or negative value and are then averaged to give an impression
-even positive new information can worsen impressions by averaging

20
Q

what is weighted averaging

A

-part of cognitive algebra
-value given to traits with a weighted valuing system
-weight of new info depends on context
-compatible with Asch central trait theory

21
Q

does appearance affect how we judge others

A

yes alike interpersonal attraction appearance weighs heavily on how we judge others

22
Q

what is the halo effect

A

Dion (1972)
-we rate faces on traits like trustworthiness, kindness, stability, social desirability etc
-as attraction goes up, the more highly rated the traits are

23
Q

according to the halo effect as attraction increases, the more highly rated traits are apart from one…

A

parenting ability

24
Q

give an example of the halo effect in real life

A

anonymous marking in uni

25
Q

Landy and Sigall 1974 study

A

-pp with good or bad essays
-either attractive or unattractive photo attached
-teacher had to grade essays
-attractive people scored higher on essay writing

26
Q

reverse halo effect

A

-depending on rater, attractive people receive different kinds of ratings
-Dermer and Thiel 1975: low and high attractive people rate low, average and highly attractive women on positive and negative traits
-our own appearance causes us to judge others differently

27
Q

are perceptions accurate

A

Feingold 1992
-good looking people are not what we think
-meta analysis on 40+ studies on halo effect
-strong evidence for halo effect but weak evidence for associations between attractiveness and traits
-good looking people are not more intelligent, more self absorbed, or socially experienced

28
Q

what did Jussin 2017 claim

A

accuracy in social perception is higher than inaccuracy
-halo effect may be accurate, good looking people are less lonely/anxious, more popular and socially skilled so there is accuracy in perception