Social Thinking Flashcards
Interpersonal Attraction and factors that affect
Individuals liking each other: Similarity, Self-Disclosure, Reciprocity, and Proximity
What’s considered Physically Attractive
Golden body ratios and symmetrical faces
Attraction of Similarity
More attracted to people who are similar to us in any way. (can even be complimentary)
Self-Disclosure
Ability to share one’s thoughts and emotions and being met with nonjudgmental empathy. (has to be met by other person)
Reciprocal Liking
People like others better when they believe the other person likes them.
Attraction of Proximity
Just being physically close to someone leads to higher attraction.
Mere Exposure Effect
More frequent exposure leads to someone preferring it more.
Aggression and Related Biological + Social Factors
Behavior that is intended to cause harm or social dominance.
- Amygdala + prefrontal cortex: modulate aggression
- Testosterone = aggressive behaviors.
- Watching violent media can prime aggression
Cognitive Neoassociation model
More likely to respond aggressively when we are frustrated or in pain.
Attachment and the different types SAAD
Emotional bond between caregiver and child during infancy.
- Secure
- Avoidant
- Ambivalent
- Disorganized
Secure Attachment
Secure base: Will explore, distress when leaving, comforted when returning.
If not is called insecure attachment
Avoidant Attachment
When caregiver has little to no response to distressed child usually. Little to no distress when caregiver leaves, little to no comfort when returning
Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment
Inconsistent response to distress.
Very distressed on separation but mixed response when the caregiver returns. Anxious about realiability
Disorganized Attachment
No clear patter of behavior in response. Can react in a mix to return and leaving of caregiver. Caused by erratic or social withdrawal by caregiver – abuse.
Social Support and the Different Types
Perception and reality that one is cared for by social network
- Emotional
- Esteem
- Tangible
- Informational
- Network
Emotional Support
Listening, Affirming, and empathizing with feelings
Esteem support
Affirming qualities and skills of a person to bolster confidence.
Material Support
Type of financial or material contribution
Informational Support
Providing information that helps someone.
Network support
Support that gives a sense of belonging.
Benefits of Social Support
Less prone to anxiety and depression (mental disorders)
Less prone to go into substance abuse.
Lower mortality rate from different diseases.
Foraging and Aspects
Seeking out food and energy at the least cost possible driven by many influences.
- Hypothalamus
- Genetics
- Observational Learning
Mating System
Organization of group’s sexual behavior
Monogamy, Polygamy, and Promiscuity
Monogamy: only one partner exclusive
Polygamy: Polygyny: multiple women one man
Polyandry: multiple men one women.
Promiscuity: Having mating with anyone without exclusivity.
Mate Choice (intersexual selection)
Selection of mate by attraction
Mate bias
The choosy aspect of selecting a mate that increase a fitness of the species.
Indirect vs Direct Benefits
Direct benefits: provide material, protection, support
Indirect benefits: promote better genetic survival of offspring
Five mechanisms of Mate Choice PSFIG
Phenotypic benefits: observable traits that make more attractive
Sensory bias: development of trait to match preexisting preference that exists in the population.
Fisherian runaway: a neutral or harmful trait is sexually selected for overtime.
Indicator traits: signify good health and well-being.
Genetic Compatibility: Complimentary genetics (attraction to others with different genetic makeups)
Altruism
Form of helping behavior to benefit another to a cost to someone (can have ulterior motives) can be evolutionary favored to benefit the species as a whole.
Empathy and the empathy-altruism hypothesis
Individual helps the other person the more empathy regardless of cost. (but maybe more benefits > costs)
Game Theory (evolutionary)
Unconscious decision making to predict interaction and strategies of species of increasing their fitness as a whole.
Evolutionary stable strategy
A certain ratio of different strategies in which natural selection selecting against any other strategies.
Four outcomes of Evolutionary game theory
- Altruism (-/+)
- Spite (-/-) both negatively impacted
- Cooperation (+/+)
- Selfishness (+/-)
Inclusive Fitness
Measure of organism’s genetic success in population including himself’ offspring and similar family genetics.
Social Perception (cognition)
provides the tools to make judgements and impressions regarding other people.
Perceiver, Target, and the Situation
Perceiver: Influenced by experience, motives, and emotions
Target: Person who is target of our judgement
Situation: Social context determines what information is important.
Primacy and Recency Affect of Impression
Usually first impressions or most recent information is what determines how we view the person.
Reliance on Central Traits
Individuals organizing perception of others with traits that are most relevant to the perceiver.
Implicit Personality Theory
Set of assumptions individuals will make about different types of people and their behaviors. (stereotyping)
Halo effect
When subsequent judgements about an individual are affected by the overall impression of that individual. can be caused by attractiveness.
Just-World Hypothesis
Good things happen to good people, bad things to bad people.
Self-Serving Bias
Individuals will attribute positives to dispositional, and negatives to situational about themselves.
Self-enhancement and self-verification
Self-Enhancement: maintaining self-worth
Self-Verification: seek people who see them as they see themselves.
In-group Bias vs Out-group Bias
In-group bias: Favoring your group more heavily
Out-group bias: view outside individuals harshly.
Attribution theory
How individuals infer the causes of other people’s behavior.
Consistency, Distinctiveness, and Consensus Cues
Consistency: The more consistent the more dispositional
Consensus: deviation of group is dispositional
Distinctiveness: if it varies in different scenarios situational
Correspondent Inference Theory
Intentionality of other’s behavior can be determinant of attribution.
Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency to bias that others actions are caused by dispositional rather than situational. (since it’s easier to assume its the person rather than guess the situation)
Attribute Substitution
Individuals must make judgements that are complex but apply a simple heuristic.
Individualism vs Collectivism
Individualist equate success to self, failure to group
Collectivists equate success to group, failure to self.
Stereotypes
The cognition component of expectations, impressions, and opinions about members of a group.
Stereotype Content Model and the four outcomes
Decide stereotypes through two dimensions: warmth and competence.
Warm/Low Competence: paternalistic (ignored)
Warm/High Competence: admiration
Cold/Low Competence: Contemptuous (homeless)
Cold/High Competence: Envious (rich people)
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
False expectations can create conditions that cause the expectation to become a reality.
Stereotype Threat
When a negative stereotype pressures an individual which causes them to reduce performance on a task.
Prejudice
Affective component attitude against something.
Propaganda
Public attempt to arouse prejudice against others.
Power, Prestige, and Class
Power: Ability of people to achieve goals against obstacles.
Prestige: Level of respect shown by others
Class: Socioeconomic status.
Ethnocentrism vs Cultural Relativity
Ethnocentrism: Making judgements about other cultures based on your own culture.
Cultural relativism: Recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms.
Discrimination
Prejudicial attitudes cause differential treatment towards others.
Individual vs Institutional Discrimination
Individual: one person discriminating against a group
Institutional: Discrimination by an entire institution (harder to remove)
