Identity and Personality Flashcards
Self-Concept
All the thoughts, feelings, and ideas that we define “Who am I?”
Self-schema
Self-given label that carries several qualities (ex. student)
Identity
Individual components to our self-concept in relation to which group we participate in.
Gender Identity (Androgyny and Undifferentiated)
Appraisal of themselves on scales of masculinity and femininity. Androgyny is both masculine and feminine qualities, undifferentiated is not very of both).
Gender schema
Key components of gender identity and norms are transmitted through cultural and societal means.
Ethnic Identity vs Nationality
Ethnic identity: identity associated with membership of a particular ethnic group (usually blood related, ancestry)
Nationality: based on the country you are in or fine identity in.
Hierarchy of Salience
Situation dictates which identity is most important to us at a moment. The more salient a identity is the more we role conform to it.
Self-Discrepancy theory and the three selves
Three selves: the more different we are the more negative feelings.
- Actual self: we see ourselves currently
- Ideal self: the way we want to be
- Ought self: what we think others want us to be
Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy and the Difference
Self-esteem: self-worth (general life worth)
Self-efficacy: belief in our ability to succeed (specific functions)
Overconfidence (self-efficacy)
when we have too much self-efficacy that leads us to take tasks that we aren’t ready.
Learned helplessness (self-efficacy)
when we too little self-efficacy perceived lack of control over outcomes.
Locus of Control
How we characterize influences that determine our outcomes:
Internal: attribute themselves controlling own fate
External: attribute outside forces controlling fate
Libido
The energy that provides our mind present at birth (libidinal energy) and trying to reduce tension.
Psychosexual Theory of Development and the stages
Libido focused on one zone during stages and failure to do the task creates fixation creating a personality issue. 1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital
Neurosis
The function mental disorder caused by fixation in adulthood.
Oral Stage
(0-1 year) gratification through eating. Fixated adult display over dependency and oral behaviors.
Anal stage
(1-3 year) toilet training. Fixated adult display excessive cleanliness or messiness
Phallic Stage
(3-5 year) Oedipus/Electra conflict (penis envy) developing same-sex parent characteristics. Fixation is sexual dysfunction (failure to sublimate)
Latency Stage
(5-adolescent) Libido is sublimated into social interactions and other skills.
Genital Stage
(adolescent-adult) If every stage has been resolved then development into health heterosexual adult. Trauma can cause homosexuality, etc.
Psychosocial Theory of Development
Erikson’s theory of Personality develop through resolutions of social and emotional conflicts and is life-long. (can learn later on)
Trust vs. mistrust
(0-1 year) Positive: learn to trust and hope ; Negative: mistrust and fear
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(1-3 year) Positive: learn to exert control and have will ; Negative: Doubt and external locus of control
Initiative vs. Guilt
(3-6 year) Positive: Purpose and initiative ; Negative: follower or show-off (overcompensate)
Industry vs. inferiority
(6-12 year) Positive: Competence in the world ; Negative: Inability to be competent or see oneself as.
Identity vs. role confusion
(12-20 year) Positive: fidelity (being able to see as unique identity in society) Negative: role confusion about their place in socety.
Intimacy vs Isolation
(20-40 year) Positive: Able to love and have relationships Negative: isolation and alienation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
(40-65 year) Positive: Able to care and contribute to society : Negative: self-indulgent and unproductive
Integrity vs. Despair
(65-death) Positive: Wisdom and detachment Negative: regrets and fear of death
Kohlberg’s theory of moral thinking and the three stages
Cognitive development through moral reasoning of moral dilemmas. Preconventional (obedience, self-interest), Conventional (conformity, law and order), Post-conventional (social contract, universal human ethics)
Obedience Stage 1 (pre-adolescent)
Concerned with avoiding punishment
Self-interest Stage 2
Concerned with getting rewards
Conformity Stage 3 (adolescence)
Concerned with social approval
Law and Order Stage 4
Social order is high regard (law is the law)
Social contract (some adults)
Rules are good for greater good but there some exceptions with individual rights.
Universal Human ethics
Having own abstract rules that one follow
Cultural and Biosocial Development
Children interacting with their environment and culture with a MKO allows for cognitive development
Zone of Proximal Development
Skills that are not fully developed by children and need a MKO to be able to guide them into processing that knowledge.
Herbert Mead theory of Identity
the I and the Me “ we are the product of how society expects us and our personal representation of it”
Stages of Mead’s theory
- Imitation of close members and peers (family siblings)
- Role-taking: role-playing other perspectives.
- Theory of mind: ability to sense how other mind’s work.
Cooley’s Looking-glass self
Our understanding other people’s judgments about us and that affecting reflection of ourselves.
Reference group
Group that we use as as standard to evaluate ourselves and find self-concept.
Personality
Describes every aspect of an individual across time and location (how we react to world)
Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
Unconscious internal states motivate the personality actions
Freudian Personality
Id, ego, superego (id is the primal urge to survive and reproduce, ego considers reality in guiding superego and id, superego personality perfectionist and moral ground) - internal instincts
Pleasure principle and the reality principle
Id’ operator for immediate gratification. Reality principle is delayed gratification to account reality.
Primary process and Wish fulfillment
Escape in response to not getting immediate gratification like daydreaming about the need
Secondary Process
Ego’s way of Guiding and inhibiting the id from gratifying too fast
Conscience and the Ego-Ideal
Subparts of the superego, conscience: collection of improper actions for punishment, ego-ideal: proper actions for reward.
Three states of consciousness
Preconscious (there but not aware), conscious, and the unconscious (repressed)
Eros and Thanatos
innate psychological representation of a biological need. Eros: survival and reproduction, Thanatos: wish for death and destruction
Defense mechanisms
Ego Ways to relieve anxiety caused by the id and superego clash, unconscious denial, distortion of reality. (Regression, Repression, Suppression, Reaction Formation, Sublimation, Projection, Displacement, Rationalization)
Regression
Unconscious undesirable thoughts into mind, man can’t remember Holocaust events
Suppression
Choosing not to put unpleasant memories in the mind, put aside my test tomorrow for now
Reaction formation
displaying urges as the exact opposite, being mean to the girl you like.
Projection
Attribute their urges to other people, cheated thinks he being cheated on.
Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception test
Find what they see in random blob or make a story with series of pictures
Rationalization
justification of behaviors, he’s doing it so can I
Displacement
Transference of urge to another, can’t hit my boss so i hit my pillow
Sublimation
Translating urge to a better urge, sexual tension to working out.
Jungian Personality
Internal alignment to archetypes is what causes personality, libido is psychic energy, ego is conscious, and unconscious
Archetypes
Images of common experience and have an emotional element.
Personal and collective unconscious
personal: Freud’s unconscious, Collective: shared experiences unconscious of all humans of early ancestors
Persona, anima/animus, and shadow
- Persona - personality we present to the world
- Anima/animus - sex-inappropriate qualities in gender.
- Shadow - unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts in unconscious
Jungian Self
Intersection of collective, personal, and the unconscious. All striving for unity
Word Association testing
Developed by Jung to see how unconscious affect conscious and self, word presented and similar words said.
Myers-Brigg Type Inventory
E vs I, S(facts) vs N(deeper meaning), T vs F, J(order) vs. P (spontaneity)
Inferiority complex
Individual’s sense of incompleteness, imperfection and inferiority.
Adler’s theory of creative self and Style of Life
Creative self: force that individual shapes his uniqueness and personality, Style of Life: represent manifestation of creative self and achieving superiority. Unconscious effects of society
Fictional Finalism
Individual more motivated by future expectations than past experiences.
Horney Personality of Neurotic Needs
Neurotic needs: which seek to make interactions and life more bearable. Healthy to have all, but can get problematic if they too big and too grandeur, or provoke anxiety, or always do it.
Basic Anxiety and Basic Hostility
Cause of inadequate parenting from child causing mistrust, also anger from neglect and hostility
How to deal with Basic Anxiety or hostility
- move toward people of security
- move against people, take dominance
- withdraw from people
Object Relations Theory
How relationships with parents or caregivers impact our future social behaviors.
Humanistic Theory and Gestalt Therapy
focus on individuals as a whole, people are innately good, and personality is conscious feelings for ourselves when we try to obtain goals.
Force Field theory (Lewin)
Field is present state of mind, forces is all the influences. Forces an be divided into good and bad.
Maslow’s peak experiences
profound and moving experiences that have lasting effects on an individual more prone for self-actualized
Personal construct psychology (Kelly)
People test predictions about behavior and constructs social schemes. Anxious people have difficulty in constructing variables in environment.
Client-centered approach (Rogers)
People know themselves best and have their way of getting through they just need to reflect on problem and unconditional positive regard (super empathy)
Type and Trait Theorists
Type focus on personality types, traits focus on patterns groups of behavior.
Humor Personality
Ancient Greeks believed imbalances of humor lead to personality differences.
Somatotypes and Type A/B Personality
Dependent on body build, Type A more competitive and compulsive (heart attack prone), Type B more relaxed
Eysenck PEN model
Psychoticism (nonconformity), extraversion (interaction), neuroticism (emotional arousal)
Negative effect of Neuroticism
When people think of themselves and experiencing negative emotions leads to disorders.
Big Five Personality
Openness (new stuff) Conscientiousness (self-control) Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Allport’s three traits
Cardinal: traits to organize your life around
Central: major characteristics easy to infer
Secondary: limited and only appear to close friends
Functional autonomy
Behavior continues even when the satisfaction of the original drive is achieved.
McClelland N-Ach trait
Need to achieve and pride in accomplishment. Realistic goals.
Behaviorist (Skinner)
Personality is behavior reinforced over time, operant conditioning
Token economies
therapy that rewards positive behavior with tokens used to trade in for goods
Social cognitive (Bandura)
Environment, Personal factors, and Behavioral factors affect our Personality
Reciprocal determinism
our thoughts interact with environment and our behaviors (behavior in past situations dictate behavior)
Biological
Genetic expression link to certain personality traits
Is behavior dictated by personality or environment and context.
Dispositional vs. situational approach.
