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MCAT Psych/Soc > Identity and Personality > Flashcards

Identity and Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Self-Concept

A

All the thoughts, feelings, and ideas that we define “Who am I?”

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2
Q

Self-schema

A

Self-given label that carries several qualities (ex. student)

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3
Q

Identity

A

Individual components to our self-concept in relation to which group we participate in.

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4
Q

Gender Identity (Androgyny and Undifferentiated)

A

Appraisal of themselves on scales of masculinity and femininity. Androgyny is both masculine and feminine qualities, undifferentiated is not very of both).

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5
Q

Gender schema

A

Key components of gender identity and norms are transmitted through cultural and societal means.

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6
Q

Ethnic Identity vs Nationality

A

Ethnic identity: identity associated with membership of a particular ethnic group (usually blood related, ancestry)
Nationality: based on the country you are in or fine identity in.

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7
Q

Hierarchy of Salience

A

Situation dictates which identity is most important to us at a moment. The more salient a identity is the more we role conform to it.

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8
Q

Self-Discrepancy theory and the three selves

A

Three selves: the more different we are the more negative feelings.

  • Actual self: we see ourselves currently
  • Ideal self: the way we want to be
  • Ought self: what we think others want us to be
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9
Q

Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy and the Difference

A

Self-esteem: self-worth (general life worth)

Self-efficacy: belief in our ability to succeed (specific functions)

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10
Q

Overconfidence (self-efficacy)

A

when we have too much self-efficacy that leads us to take tasks that we aren’t ready.

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11
Q

Learned helplessness (self-efficacy)

A

when we too little self-efficacy perceived lack of control over outcomes.

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12
Q

Locus of Control

A

How we characterize influences that determine our outcomes:
Internal: attribute themselves controlling own fate
External: attribute outside forces controlling fate

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13
Q

Libido

A

The energy that provides our mind present at birth (libidinal energy) and trying to reduce tension.

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14
Q

Psychosexual Theory of Development and the stages

A

Libido focused on one zone during stages and failure to do the task creates fixation creating a personality issue. 1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital

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15
Q

Neurosis

A

The function mental disorder caused by fixation in adulthood.

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16
Q

Oral Stage

A

(0-1 year) gratification through eating. Fixated adult display over dependency and oral behaviors.

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17
Q

Anal stage

A

(1-3 year) toilet training. Fixated adult display excessive cleanliness or messiness

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18
Q

Phallic Stage

A

(3-5 year) Oedipus/Electra conflict (penis envy) developing same-sex parent characteristics. Fixation is sexual dysfunction (failure to sublimate)

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19
Q

Latency Stage

A

(5-adolescent) Libido is sublimated into social interactions and other skills.

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20
Q

Genital Stage

A

(adolescent-adult) If every stage has been resolved then development into health heterosexual adult. Trauma can cause homosexuality, etc.

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21
Q

Psychosocial Theory of Development

A

Erikson’s theory of Personality develop through resolutions of social and emotional conflicts and is life-long. (can learn later on)

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22
Q

Trust vs. mistrust

A

(0-1 year) Positive: learn to trust and hope ; Negative: mistrust and fear

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23
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A

(1-3 year) Positive: learn to exert control and have will ; Negative: Doubt and external locus of control

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24
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt

A

(3-6 year) Positive: Purpose and initiative ; Negative: follower or show-off (overcompensate)

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25
Q

Industry vs. inferiority

A

(6-12 year) Positive: Competence in the world ; Negative: Inability to be competent or see oneself as.

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26
Q

Identity vs. role confusion

A

(12-20 year) Positive: fidelity (being able to see as unique identity in society) Negative: role confusion about their place in socety.

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27
Q

Intimacy vs Isolation

A

(20-40 year) Positive: Able to love and have relationships Negative: isolation and alienation

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28
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation

A

(40-65 year) Positive: Able to care and contribute to society : Negative: self-indulgent and unproductive

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29
Q

Integrity vs. Despair

A

(65-death) Positive: Wisdom and detachment Negative: regrets and fear of death

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30
Q

Kohlberg’s theory of moral thinking and the three stages

A

Cognitive development through moral reasoning of moral dilemmas. Preconventional (obedience, self-interest), Conventional (conformity, law and order), Post-conventional (social contract, universal human ethics)

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31
Q

Obedience Stage 1 (pre-adolescent)

A

Concerned with avoiding punishment

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32
Q

Self-interest Stage 2

A

Concerned with getting rewards

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33
Q

Conformity Stage 3 (adolescence)

A

Concerned with social approval

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34
Q

Law and Order Stage 4

A

Social order is high regard (law is the law)

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35
Q

Social contract (some adults)

A

Rules are good for greater good but there some exceptions with individual rights.

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36
Q

Universal Human ethics

A

Having own abstract rules that one follow

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37
Q

Cultural and Biosocial Development

A

Children interacting with their environment and culture with a MKO allows for cognitive development

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38
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

Skills that are not fully developed by children and need a MKO to be able to guide them into processing that knowledge.

39
Q

Herbert Mead theory of Identity

A

the I and the Me “ we are the product of how society expects us and our personal representation of it”

40
Q

Stages of Mead’s theory

A
  1. Imitation of close members and peers (family siblings)
  2. Role-taking: role-playing other perspectives.
  3. Theory of mind: ability to sense how other mind’s work.
41
Q

Cooley’s Looking-glass self

A

Our understanding other people’s judgments about us and that affecting reflection of ourselves.

42
Q

Reference group

A

Group that we use as as standard to evaluate ourselves and find self-concept.

43
Q

Personality

A

Describes every aspect of an individual across time and location (how we react to world)

44
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality

A

Unconscious internal states motivate the personality actions

45
Q

Freudian Personality

A

Id, ego, superego (id is the primal urge to survive and reproduce, ego considers reality in guiding superego and id, superego personality perfectionist and moral ground) - internal instincts

46
Q

Pleasure principle and the reality principle

A

Id’ operator for immediate gratification. Reality principle is delayed gratification to account reality.

47
Q

Primary process and Wish fulfillment

A

Escape in response to not getting immediate gratification like daydreaming about the need

48
Q

Secondary Process

A

Ego’s way of Guiding and inhibiting the id from gratifying too fast

49
Q

Conscience and the Ego-Ideal

A

Subparts of the superego, conscience: collection of improper actions for punishment, ego-ideal: proper actions for reward.

50
Q

Three states of consciousness

A

Preconscious (there but not aware), conscious, and the unconscious (repressed)

51
Q

Eros and Thanatos

A

innate psychological representation of a biological need. Eros: survival and reproduction, Thanatos: wish for death and destruction

52
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

Ego Ways to relieve anxiety caused by the id and superego clash, unconscious denial, distortion of reality. (Regression, Repression, Suppression, Reaction Formation, Sublimation, Projection, Displacement, Rationalization)

53
Q

Regression

A

Unconscious undesirable thoughts into mind, man can’t remember Holocaust events

54
Q

Suppression

A

Choosing not to put unpleasant memories in the mind, put aside my test tomorrow for now

55
Q

Reaction formation

A

displaying urges as the exact opposite, being mean to the girl you like.

56
Q

Projection

A

Attribute their urges to other people, cheated thinks he being cheated on.

57
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception test

A

Find what they see in random blob or make a story with series of pictures

58
Q

Rationalization

A

justification of behaviors, he’s doing it so can I

59
Q

Displacement

A

Transference of urge to another, can’t hit my boss so i hit my pillow

60
Q

Sublimation

A

Translating urge to a better urge, sexual tension to working out.

61
Q

Jungian Personality

A

Internal alignment to archetypes is what causes personality, libido is psychic energy, ego is conscious, and unconscious

62
Q

Archetypes

A

Images of common experience and have an emotional element.

63
Q

Personal and collective unconscious

A

personal: Freud’s unconscious, Collective: shared experiences unconscious of all humans of early ancestors

64
Q

Persona, anima/animus, and shadow

A
  1. Persona - personality we present to the world
  2. Anima/animus - sex-inappropriate qualities in gender.
  3. Shadow - unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts in unconscious
65
Q

Jungian Self

A

Intersection of collective, personal, and the unconscious. All striving for unity

66
Q

Word Association testing

A

Developed by Jung to see how unconscious affect conscious and self, word presented and similar words said.

67
Q

Myers-Brigg Type Inventory

A

E vs I, S(facts) vs N(deeper meaning), T vs F, J(order) vs. P (spontaneity)

68
Q

Inferiority complex

A

Individual’s sense of incompleteness, imperfection and inferiority.

69
Q

Adler’s theory of creative self and Style of Life

A

Creative self: force that individual shapes his uniqueness and personality, Style of Life: represent manifestation of creative self and achieving superiority. Unconscious effects of society

70
Q

Fictional Finalism

A

Individual more motivated by future expectations than past experiences.

71
Q

Horney Personality of Neurotic Needs

A

Neurotic needs: which seek to make interactions and life more bearable. Healthy to have all, but can get problematic if they too big and too grandeur, or provoke anxiety, or always do it.

72
Q

Basic Anxiety and Basic Hostility

A

Cause of inadequate parenting from child causing mistrust, also anger from neglect and hostility

73
Q

How to deal with Basic Anxiety or hostility

A
  1. move toward people of security
  2. move against people, take dominance
  3. withdraw from people
74
Q

Object Relations Theory

A

How relationships with parents or caregivers impact our future social behaviors.

75
Q

Humanistic Theory and Gestalt Therapy

A

focus on individuals as a whole, people are innately good, and personality is conscious feelings for ourselves when we try to obtain goals.

76
Q

Force Field theory (Lewin)

A

Field is present state of mind, forces is all the influences. Forces an be divided into good and bad.

77
Q

Maslow’s peak experiences

A

profound and moving experiences that have lasting effects on an individual more prone for self-actualized

78
Q

Personal construct psychology (Kelly)

A

People test predictions about behavior and constructs social schemes. Anxious people have difficulty in constructing variables in environment.

79
Q

Client-centered approach (Rogers)

A

People know themselves best and have their way of getting through they just need to reflect on problem and unconditional positive regard (super empathy)

80
Q

Type and Trait Theorists

A

Type focus on personality types, traits focus on patterns groups of behavior.

81
Q

Humor Personality

A

Ancient Greeks believed imbalances of humor lead to personality differences.

82
Q

Somatotypes and Type A/B Personality

A

Dependent on body build, Type A more competitive and compulsive (heart attack prone), Type B more relaxed

83
Q

Eysenck PEN model

A

Psychoticism (nonconformity), extraversion (interaction), neuroticism (emotional arousal)

84
Q

Negative effect of Neuroticism

A

When people think of themselves and experiencing negative emotions leads to disorders.

85
Q

Big Five Personality

A 
Openness (new stuff)
Conscientiousness (self-control)
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
86
Q

Allport’s three traits

A

Cardinal: traits to organize your life around
Central: major characteristics easy to infer
Secondary: limited and only appear to close friends

87
Q

Functional autonomy

A

Behavior continues even when the satisfaction of the original drive is achieved.

88
Q

McClelland N-Ach trait

A

Need to achieve and pride in accomplishment. Realistic goals.

89
Q

Behaviorist (Skinner)

A

Personality is behavior reinforced over time, operant conditioning

90
Q

Token economies

A

therapy that rewards positive behavior with tokens used to trade in for goods

91
Q

Social cognitive (Bandura)

A

Environment, Personal factors, and Behavioral factors affect our Personality

92
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

our thoughts interact with environment and our behaviors (behavior in past situations dictate behavior)

93
Q

Biological

A

Genetic expression link to certain personality traits

94
Q

Is behavior dictated by personality or environment and context.

A

Dispositional vs. situational approach.

MCAT Psych/Soc (11 decks)

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