Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior Flashcards
Michelangelo Phenomenon
Concept of Self is made up of intrapersonal and interpersonal influences.
Social Action vs Social Interaction
Social Action: Actions and behaviors that individuals perform because of the presence of others.
Social Interaction: How two or more individuals shape each other’s behavior.
Social Facilitation
People will perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others (the most dominant behavior will be magnified) - Caused by perceived evaluation by the observer
Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation
Heightened arousal will hinder complex tasks but enhance performance of simple tasks.
Deindividuation and factors that encourage
Loss of one’s self awareness in group setting and taking on group’s identity. Group relatability + Anonymity. More likely to engage in antinormative behavior (Black Friday)
Bystander Effect
Individuals are not likely to intervene to help those in need (more so the larger the group is)
- Perceive they are not good enough
- Perceive it’s not as much of a dangerous situation
- Relationship to victim
Social Loafing
Tendency for individuals to reduce effort in group setting assuming that the group will get it done anyways.
Peer Pressure (Conformity) and Informative/Normative Influence
Social influence placed on an individual by peers (pressure to conform) that can lead to risky behaviors. Informative is when you believe your peers know better, normative is when you’re scared to be outcast.
Identity Shift Effect
Cognitive dissonance in when peer’s influence does not align with your character and you shift yourself to the standards of the group.
Solomon Asch’s Conformity Experiment
People are likely to conform to the group even when they know its the wrong answer. (lines)
Group Polarization and Risky/Choice Shift
Tendency to make decisions more extreme than the individual ideas of the group members.
Risky Shift: when the group becomes more risky decisions than the individual
Choice Shift: the group can make both risky and more cautious decisions.
GroupThink
Desire for harmony amongst group > actively questioning and coitizing group decisions.
8 Factors of Group Think ICIEPSIM
Invulnerability Illusion: members are too optimistic
Collective rationalization: Ignore expressed concerns about group ideas.
Morality Illusion: think that they are ethically correct
Excessive Stereotyping: construct stereotypes of dissenting opinions.
Conformity Pressure: Members pressured to not express opinions that disagree
Self-censorship: withhold ideas and opinions that disagree with the group
Unanimity illusion: members believe decisions of group is without disagreement
Mindguards: members want to take role to protect group from opposing views.
Fad, Mass Hysteria, and Riot
Fad: Non-normative Behavior that is temporary popular and desirable (cinnamon challenge)
Mass Hysteria: Shared, intense anxiety about something (delusions) - COVID
Riot: large groups that engage in deviant behavior (BLM)
Culture and Culture Shock
Beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people. Culture Shock is when cultural differences are so dramatic it causes awe.
Cultural Assimilation
When individual’s culture begins resembling that of another creating a melting pot (not typically 5050).
Ethnic enclaves
Areas of high concentration of one specific ethnicity.
Multiculturalism (diversity)
communities that contain multiple cultures and ethnic groups -> acceptance of different cultures
Subcultures and Counterculture
Cultures within the groups of people in a culture that distinguish themselves.
Counterculture: subculture that goes against the majority culture.
Socialization
The process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs and beliefs.
Cultural transmission and Cultural diffusion
Culture passed down from generations, culture passed to one another.
Primary and Secondary Socialization
Primary occurs during childhood: learning acceptable actions and attitudes through observation of parents.
Secondary: process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller section of society (church, school)
Anticipatory and Resocialization
Anticipatory Socialization: Occurs when person prepares for future changes of situation
Resocialization: Discarding old behaviors for new one through intensive training (army and cults)
Norms
Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior. These differ by society and culture
Mores
Widely observed social norms that are typically based upon moral beliefs (no real punishment for deviating)
Social control
Concept that norms regulate social behavior of individuals and groups.
Sanctions (Informal and Formal)
Penalties for misconduct or rewards for behaviors
Formal: formal social institutions reinforcement (business jail)
Informal: enforced by social groups (exclusions vs inclusion)
Taboo
Socially disgusting behaviors that make headlines
Folkways
Common courtesy (considered polite) holding door
Agents of Socialization
Any part of society that is important for learning social norms and values (parents, peers, teachers, media) Popular culture
Deviance and Social Stigma
Violation of norms, rules, or expectations within society.
Stigma: extreme dislike of person or group based on their perceived differences from rest of the society. (can spread to associated people as well)
Labeling Theory
Labels given to a person affect how others interact with that person but also affect person’s self perception. This can lead the individual to further deviance or conformity.
Role Engulfment
Internalizing label that lead to it taking over a person’s identity.
Differential Association theory
Deviance can be explained by a person’s interaction with other deviant behavior people. When these associations are stronger the individual will become deviant
Strain Theory
Deviance is a reaction of not being able to obtain a socially acceptable goals with societal means to achieve it. (wealth via stealing)
Conformity
Peer pressure, matching one’s beliefs and attitudes toward the majority influence.
Internalization vs. Identification
Changing one’s behavior to fit into group while also shaping their beliefs. vs Changing behavior temporarily to accept the group but still holding onto your beliefs.
Stanford Prison experiment
Guards and prisoners were heavily internalizing of their pretend roles (Zimbardo was also a warden)
Compliance
Change of behavior based on a request (based on peer or no authority).
Foot-in-the-door
Asking small request to gain compliance and then making a larger request,
Door-in-the-face
Opposite of Foot in the door, usually to get the smaller request
Lowball technique
Get an initial commitment and then add on the raise costs of that commitment
That’s-not-all technique
Before the individual can make a decision they are told the deal is even better than expected.
Obedience
Changing behavior in response to direct order from a higher authority
Milgram’s Obedience Experiments
Shocking the person, surprisingly many people went all the way when told to by researcher. (65%)
Attitude and the Components of Attitude
Expression of positive or negative feeling toward something.
- Affective: feels about something (scared)
- Behavioral: acts in response to something (run away)
- Cognitive: thinks about something (it’s dangerous)
Functional Attitudes theory
Attitude serve four functions:
- Knowledge: organize our thoughts and experiences
- Ego-expressive: communicate and solidify self-identity
- Adaptive: socially acceptable attitudes lead to acceptance
- Ego-Defensive: protect our self-esteem and justify wrong actions
Learning Theory
Attitudes are developed through different forms of learning through contact of objects and instruction from others.
Elaboration Likelihood Model
How attitudes are formed and changes in each individual
Central route processing and persuasion
When one considers the actual information and content meaning to draw conclusions and make decisions.
Peripheral route processing and persuasion
When someone who considers superficial details such as aesthetics and appearance of the person to make conclusions and decisions
Social Cognitive theory
People learn to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others that is affected by personal factors, environment and the actual behavior Reciprocal Determinism states that these are all connected to each other.
