Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior

Question 1

Michelangelo Phenomenon

Answer 1

Concept of Self is made up of intrapersonal and interpersonal influences.

Question 2

Social Action vs Social Interaction

Answer 2

Social Action: Actions and behaviors that individuals perform because of the presence of others.

Social Interaction: How two or more individuals shape each other’s behavior.

Question 3

Social Facilitation

Answer 3

People will perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others (the most dominant behavior will be magnified) - Caused by perceived evaluation by the observer

Question 4

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

Answer 4

Heightened arousal will hinder complex tasks but enhance performance of simple tasks.

Question 5

Deindividuation and factors that encourage

Answer 5

Loss of one’s self awareness in group setting and taking on group’s identity. Group relatability + Anonymity. More likely to engage in antinormative behavior (Black Friday)

Question 6

Bystander Effect

Answer 6

Individuals are not likely to intervene to help those in need (more so the larger the group is)

• Perceive they are not good enough
• Perceive it’s not as much of a dangerous situation
• Relationship to victim

Question 7

Social Loafing

Answer 7

Tendency for individuals to reduce effort in group setting assuming that the group will get it done anyways.

Question 8

Peer Pressure (Conformity) and Informative/Normative Influence

Answer 8

Social influence placed on an individual by peers (pressure to conform) that can lead to risky behaviors. Informative is when you believe your peers know better, normative is when you’re scared to be outcast.

Question 9

Identity Shift Effect

Answer 9

Cognitive dissonance in when peer’s influence does not align with your character and you shift yourself to the standards of the group.

Question 10

Solomon Asch’s Conformity Experiment

Answer 10

People are likely to conform to the group even when they know its the wrong answer. (lines)

Question 11

Group Polarization and Risky/Choice Shift

Answer 11

Tendency to make decisions more extreme than the individual ideas of the group members.
Risky Shift: when the group becomes more risky decisions than the individual
Choice Shift: the group can make both risky and more cautious decisions.

Question 12

GroupThink

Answer 12

Desire for harmony amongst group > actively questioning and coitizing group decisions.

Question 13

8 Factors of Group Think ICIEPSIM

Answer 13

Invulnerability Illusion: members are too optimistic
Collective rationalization: Ignore expressed concerns about group ideas.
Morality Illusion: think that they are ethically correct
Excessive Stereotyping: construct stereotypes of dissenting opinions.
Conformity Pressure: Members pressured to not express opinions that disagree
Self-censorship: withhold ideas and opinions that disagree with the group
Unanimity illusion: members believe decisions of group is without disagreement
Mindguards: members want to take role to protect group from opposing views.

Question 14

Fad, Mass Hysteria, and Riot

Answer 14

Fad: Non-normative Behavior that is temporary popular and desirable (cinnamon challenge)
Mass Hysteria: Shared, intense anxiety about something (delusions) - COVID
Riot: large groups that engage in deviant behavior (BLM)

Question 15

Culture and Culture Shock

Answer 15

Beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people. Culture Shock is when cultural differences are so dramatic it causes awe.

Question 16

Cultural Assimilation

Answer 16

When individual’s culture begins resembling that of another creating a melting pot (not typically 5050).

Question 17

Ethnic enclaves

Answer 17

Areas of high concentration of one specific ethnicity.

Question 18

Multiculturalism (diversity)

Answer 18

communities that contain multiple cultures and ethnic groups -> acceptance of different cultures

Question 19

Subcultures and Counterculture

Answer 19

Cultures within the groups of people in a culture that distinguish themselves.
Counterculture: subculture that goes against the majority culture.

Question 20

Socialization

Answer 20

The process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs and beliefs.

Question 21

Cultural transmission and Cultural diffusion

Answer 21

Culture passed down from generations, culture passed to one another.

Question 22

Primary and Secondary Socialization

Answer 22

Primary occurs during childhood: learning acceptable actions and attitudes through observation of parents.
Secondary: process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller section of society (church, school)

Question 23

Anticipatory and Resocialization

Answer 23

Anticipatory Socialization: Occurs when person prepares for future changes of situation
Resocialization: Discarding old behaviors for new one through intensive training (army and cults)

Question 24

Norms

Answer 24

Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior. These differ by society and culture

Question 25

Mores

Answer 25

Widely observed social norms that are typically based upon moral beliefs (no real punishment for deviating)

Question 26

Social control

Answer 26

Concept that norms regulate social behavior of individuals and groups.

Question 27

Sanctions (Informal and Formal)

Answer 27

Penalties for misconduct or rewards for behaviors
Formal: formal social institutions reinforcement (business jail)
Informal: enforced by social groups (exclusions vs inclusion)

Question 28

Taboo

Answer 28

Socially disgusting behaviors that make headlines

Question 29

Folkways

Answer 29

Common courtesy (considered polite) holding door

Question 30

Agents of Socialization

Answer 30

Any part of society that is important for learning social norms and values (parents, peers, teachers, media) Popular culture

Question 31

Deviance and Social Stigma

Answer 31

Violation of norms, rules, or expectations within society.
Stigma: extreme dislike of person or group based on their perceived differences from rest of the society. (can spread to associated people as well)

Question 32

Labeling Theory

Answer 32

Labels given to a person affect how others interact with that person but also affect person’s self perception. This can lead the individual to further deviance or conformity.

Question 33

Role Engulfment

Answer 33

Internalizing label that lead to it taking over a person’s identity.

Question 34

Differential Association theory

Answer 34

Deviance can be explained by a person’s interaction with other deviant behavior people. When these associations are stronger the individual will become deviant

Question 35

Strain Theory

Answer 35

Deviance is a reaction of not being able to obtain a socially acceptable goals with societal means to achieve it. (wealth via stealing)

Question 36

Conformity

Answer 36

Peer pressure, matching one’s beliefs and attitudes toward the majority influence.

Question 37

Internalization vs. Identification

Answer 37

Changing one’s behavior to fit into group while also shaping their beliefs. vs Changing behavior temporarily to accept the group but still holding onto your beliefs.

Question 38

Stanford Prison experiment

Answer 38

Guards and prisoners were heavily internalizing of their pretend roles (Zimbardo was also a warden)

Question 39

Compliance

Answer 39

Change of behavior based on a request (based on peer or no authority).

Question 40

Foot-in-the-door

Answer 40

Asking small request to gain compliance and then making a larger request,

Question 41

Door-in-the-face

Answer 41

Opposite of Foot in the door, usually to get the smaller request

Question 42

Lowball technique

Answer 42

Get an initial commitment and then add on the raise costs of that commitment

Question 43

That’s-not-all technique

Answer 43

Before the individual can make a decision they are told the deal is even better than expected.

Question 44

Obedience

Answer 44

Changing behavior in response to direct order from a higher authority

Question 45

Milgram’s Obedience Experiments

Answer 45

Shocking the person, surprisingly many people went all the way when told to by researcher. (65%)

Question 46

Attitude and the Components of Attitude

Answer 46

Expression of positive or negative feeling toward something.

• Affective: feels about something (scared)
• Behavioral: acts in response to something (run away)
• Cognitive: thinks about something (it’s dangerous)

Question 47

Functional Attitudes theory

Answer 47

Attitude serve four functions:

• Knowledge: organize our thoughts and experiences
• Ego-expressive: communicate and solidify self-identity
• Adaptive: socially acceptable attitudes lead to acceptance
• Ego-Defensive: protect our self-esteem and justify wrong actions

Question 48

Learning Theory

Answer 48

Attitudes are developed through different forms of learning through contact of objects and instruction from others.

Question 49

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Answer 49

How attitudes are formed and changes in each individual

Question 50

Central route processing and persuasion

Answer 50

When one considers the actual information and content meaning to draw conclusions and make decisions.

Question 51

Peripheral route processing and persuasion

Answer 51

When someone who considers superficial details such as aesthetics and appearance of the person to make conclusions and decisions

Question 52

Social Cognitive theory

Answer 52

People learn to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others that is affected by personal factors, environment and the actual behavior Reciprocal Determinism states that these are all connected to each other.