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MCAT Psych/Soc > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Habituation and Dishabituation

A

Habituation: repeated exposure leads to decrease in response.
Dishabituation: Recovery of a response after habituation occurs (usually a second stimulus is presented) - causes an increase in response to OG

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2
Q

Subthreshold

A

Stimuli too weak to elicit a response

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3
Q

Two major types of learning

A

Associative (pairing two stimuli with a behavior and a response) Classical + Operant and Observational Learning (learning new behavior through observation)

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4
Q

Classical Conditioning

A
  1. US (meat) -> UR (salivation)
  2. NS paired with US causes UR (acquisition)
  3. NS -> CS ; UR -> CR
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5
Q

Extinction

A

Loss of CR when the CS is presented without the US

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6
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Presenting the extinct CS after some time can produce a weak CR

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7
Q

Generalization

A

When similar stimuli to CS can produce the CR.

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8
Q

Discrimination

A

When similar stimuli is distinguished from the CS and does not produce the CR.

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9
Q

Operant Condtioning

A

how consequences have an effect on the frequency of the effect.

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10
Q

Behaviorism

A

All behaviors are conditioned (BF Skinner)

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11
Q

Reinforcement and Punishment

A

Reinforcement: increasing a behavior Punishment: decreasing a behavior ; +: introducing stimuli -: removing stimuli.

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12
Q

Escape and Avoidance Learning

A

Negative Reinforcement:
Escape: To get away from a stimuli already present
Avoidance: to prevent situations with an unpleasant stimuli
Multiple escape –> avoidance (seat belt)

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13
Q

Reinforcers (OC + CC)

A
  1. Primary Reinforcer: US that elicit behavior
  2. Secondary Reinforcer: NS paired with Primary Reinforcer
  3. Discriminative Stimulus: any other stimuli associated with the US.
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14
Q

Aversive conditioning

A

Positive punishment (another word)

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15
Q

Reinforcement Schedules

A
  1. FR (reinforce every x time)
    - continuous reinforcement is if it is 1:1
  2. VR (reinforce random x time). ~ usually averages out
  3. FI (reinforce first time after specific x seconds)
  4. VI (reinforce first time after random x seconds)
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16
Q

Best Reinforcement Schedules

A

VR > FR > VI > FI

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17
Q

Shaping

A

Process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors to the closest desired one.

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18
Q

Biological + Cognitive factors of Associative Learning

A
  1. Latent Learning: subconscious learning occur without a reward and spontaneously realized once reward is introduced.
  2. Problem Solving: Analyzing and simplifying problems (heuristics)
  3. Preparedness: actions that are similar to natural actions are more easily learned (pecking)
  4. Instinctive drift: reverting to natural behavior when learning a similar behavior
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19
Q

Bobo Doll Experiment

A

Children who watched an adult beat up a doll also proceeded to beat up the doll as well.

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20
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Activates when we see someone perform an action we just did. (empathy)

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21
Q

Modeling

A

Behaviors can be decided by seeing what is appropriate by other people (media, role models, actions)

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22
Q

The three steps of Memorization

A
  1. Encoding (processing new information)
  2. Storage (information into memories)
  3. Retrieval (being able to recall that memory)
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23
Q

Automatic and Controlled processing

A

Automatic: without any effort, unintentional
Controlled: Active memorization and working.

Controlled can become automatic (language)

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24
Q

Ways to encode information

A
  1. Visual encoding: very detailed but short lived
  2. Acoustic encoding: long lived
  3. Elaborative encoding: connecting with our memory.
  4. Semantic encoding: meaningful context
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25
Q

Self-Reference Effect

A

Type of semantic encoding that allows best recall of information in relation to ourselves.

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26
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Repetition of information to keep in working memory (or encode to LT)

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27
Q

Mnemonics, method of loci, peg-word

A

acronyms and rhyming phrase.
Method of Loci: associating items with a familiar location.
Peg-word items that rhyme with the number,

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28
Q

Chunking

A

Taking individual elements of a list and grouping them to groups with meaning.

29
Q

Sensory memory

A

Preserves information in original sensory form
- echoic, iconic
very high accuracy but super fast. (correlated with projection areas)

30
Q

Whole-report vs Partial-report

A

WR: asking to recall an entire list without any order
PR: Particular order or component of a list
PR more accurate saying that all of it can be processed

31
Q

Eidetic memory

A

Ability to recall an image with high precision after brief exposure

32
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

When we decide to pay attention to sensory information.

33
Q

Memory Capacity

A

Short term memory capacity about 7+/-2 (can be increased via clustering)

34
Q

Hippocampus Role in Memory (temporal lobe)

A

Holds short term memory and consolidates them into long-term memory (moves slowly to cerebral cortex)

35
Q

Working Memory

A

Short-term memory which allows us to manipulate the information with attention and executive controls

36
Q

Long-term Memory

A

Limitless that we are able to recall on demand

37
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Association of information to knowledge already stored in our long-term memory

38
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

our working memory ability to store visual and spatial information and manipulate it

39
Q

Implicit (nondeclarative) and Explicit (declarative)

A

Implicit: consists of procedural memory and priming
Explicit: semantic + episodic (needs conscious recall)

40
Q

Positive and Negative Priming

A

positive: one stimuli improves processing of second
negative: one stimuli interferes with the second.

41
Q

Memories that include both semantic and episodic

A
  1. Flashbulb memory: where were you when this happened?

2. Autobiographical memory: recount of your life.

42
Q

Three types of retrieval

A
  1. Recall
  2. Recognition: MCAT!
  3. Relearning: easier way learning it again.
43
Q

Spacing Effect

A

Longer the time between relearning sessions = greater retention.

44
Q

Semantic Network

A

Brain stores memories of interconnected ideas

45
Q

Spreading activation

A

When one component of our semantic network is activated it may trigger interconnected ideas.

46
Q

Recall cue

A

Word or phrase that aids in recall (positive priming is caused by spreading activation)

47
Q

Context effect and State-Dependent effect

A

CE: Physical location where information was learned can also cause increased retrieval
SD: Mental state where information was learned can cause increase retrieval (also works with emotions)

48
Q

Source monitoring

A

Determining the origin of a memory and whether they are real

49
Q

Serial-position effect

A

First (primacy) and the last (recency) of a list will be more memorized

50
Q

Amnesia and Source Amnesia

A

Forgetting the memory, and forgetting the context of obtaining that knowledge.

51
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Loss of acetylcholine in hippocampus links.

  • leads to progressive dementia and brain atrophy.
  • loss of recent -> distant
52
Q

Physical sources of AD

A
  1. Neurofibrillary tangles

2. B-amyloid plaques

53
Q

Sundowning

A

AD symptom where dysfunction increase in late afternoon and evening.

54
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Thiamine (B1) defiency

  • retrograde and anterograde amnesia
  • confabulation: creating fabricated memories.
55
Q

Agnosia

A

Loss of ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds (usually only one) caused by physical damage.

56
Q

Decay

A

Memories decay when neurochemical trace disappear

57
Q

Retention function

A

Recall sharply falls but levels off

58
Q

Interference

A

Retrieval error caused by similar information or similar memory

59
Q

Proactive and Retroactive Interference

A

Proactive: Old information interferes with new
Retroactive: new information interferes with new

60
Q

Changes in Aging memory

A

Increase: semantic, crystallized intelligence, EQ, prospective memory (event-base)
Decrease: Fluid, episodic memory, prospective (time-base)

61
Q

Reconstruction of Memory vs Reproduction

A

Memory is reconstructed not reproduced (video camera), imagination, other memories, and perception can affect thoughts,

62
Q

False Memory

A

a memory that is incorrect or never occured (caused by filling the gaps of other information)

63
Q

Recovered Memory

A

repressed emotions brought back by unconscious recall, but in danger of being false memory.

64
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

recall of event becomes less accurate because of outside information of memory also can be caused by framing effect (collided vs smashed)

65
Q

Intrusion Error

A

False memories that include a false detail from other memories (not an outside source)

66
Q

Source-monitoring error

A

Confusion of the context where information was gathered.

67
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Neural connections can adapt rapidly in response to stimuli.

68
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

Weak connections broken and strong ones reinforced

69
Q

Long-term Potentiation

A

Neuron becomes more efficient in releasing neurotransmitters and receiving neuron gets more receptors forming long-term memory. (Glutamate and NMDA receptor)

MCAT Psych/Soc (11 decks)

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