Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Biomedical vs. Biopsychosocial Approach
Biomedical: Purely biological disturbances with biomedical nature. (narrow approach)
Biopsychosocial: There are biological, social, and psychological approach to individual disorder.
Direct vs Indirect Therapy
Direct Therapy: treatment that acts directly on individual
Indirect Therapy: Aims to increase social support by educating family and friends.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
Diagnostic tool in the United States listing the symptoms of each mental disorder
Psychotic Disorder Symptoms
Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized thought and behavior (+ and - symptoms)
Positive and Negative Symptoms
Positive Symptoms: Behaviors, thoughts, and feelings added to normal behavior (Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized thoughts and behavior).
Negative Symptom: Affect and Avolition (absence of normal or desired behavior)
Delusions of Reference
False belief that common elements in environment is directed toward the individual (TV talking to him)
Delusions of Persecution
Belief that individual is being interfered and threatened.
Delusions of Grandeur
Belief that person is a some significant person.
Thought Broadcasting
Belief that one’s thoughts are directly broadcast to the world.
Thought Withdrawal and Insertion
The belief that thoughts are being removed or placed in one’s head.
Hallucinations
Perceptions not due to external stimuli but seem real to the person perceiving them (auditory)
Disorganized Thought (World salad and neologisms)
Loosening of associations.
Word salad: patient speech is just a bunch of random words.
Neologisms: inventing new words.
Disorganized Behavior (catatonia echolalia/echopraxia)
Inability to carry out activities of daily living.
Catatonia: Certain motor behaviors, rigid and bizarre movements
-echolalia: repeating people’s words/echopraxia: repeating people’s actions
Affect (blunting, emotional flattening, inappropriate affect)
Experience and display of emotion can be caused by antipsychotics.
- blunting: severe reduction of intensity of expression
- emotional flattening: no sign of emotion.
- inappropriate affect: affect is inappropriate in context.
Avolition
Decreased engagement in goal-directed actions.
Schizophrenia and Diagnosis
Break between individual and reality (6 months), and one month of positive symptoms.
Phases of Schizophrenia
Prodromal Phase: deterioration and social withdrawal, role dysfunction.
Active Phase: psychotic symptoms displayed (schizophrenia) slower it develops harder to diagnose
Residual Phase: after an active episode with mental clarity when individual becomes aware.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Personality disorder with psychotic symptoms (usually personality first) Odd eccentric, reference thinking, magical belief
Delusion Disorder
Psychotic symptoms limited to delusions (1 month)
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Positive psychotic symptoms appear (<1 day)
Schizophreniform Disorder
Schizophrenia for only 1 month
Schizoaffective Disorder
Major mood episodes (depressive + mania) w/ psychotic symptoms.
Depressive Disorders
Characterized by feelings of negative emotions causing significant distress
9 Depressive Symptoms (sadness + SIG E. CAPS)
Sadness: Depressed mood, feelings of sadness
Sleep: Insomnia or Hypersomnia
Interest: Anhedonia
Guilt: Feeling of inappropriate guilt or worthlessness
Energy: depressed energy
Concentration: Decrease in ability to concentrate
Appetite: changed in diet (5%+ weight change)
Psychomotor: Psychomotor retardation and agitation (restlessness and slowed movements)
Suicidal thoughts
Major Depressive Disorder
Distress caused by Presence of Major Depressive episode (2 week) in where 5/9 of depressive symptoms are encountered with anhedonia OR depressed mood.
Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthymia)
Experiences a majority of 2 years in depressed mood.
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
(ages 6-10), persistent and recurrent emotional irritability in multiple environments.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Mood changes occurring a few days before and after menes.
Seasonal Affective Disorder and Light Therapy
Depression caused by dark winter months, common therapy is to expose patients with bright light during the day.
Postpartum Depression
Rapid change in hormones after birth cause depressive symptoms.
Manic Symptoms
Exaggerated elevation in mood, with goal-driven hyperactivity.
DIG FAST
Distractibility: Inability to remain focused
Irresponsibility: Engaging in risky activities w/o future actions
Grandiosity: Exaggerated increase in self-esteem
Flight of Thoughts: Racing thought (rapid speech)
Activity: increase goal-orientated activities
Sleep: decreased need for sleep
Talkative: exaggerated desire to sleep
Hypomanic vs Manic Episode
Hypomanic (4 days) 3/7 symptoms and not severe enough
Manic: (7 days) 3/7 and severe to impair
Bipolar I Disorder
Presence of manic episodes only (can have depressive)
Bipolar II Disorder
Presence of hypomania and depressive episodes.
Cyclothymic disorder
Presence of symptoms of mania and depression but not severe enough for episodes. Majority of 2 year period.
Monoamine Theory of Depression
Norepinephrine and Serotonin too much in Mania, too little in Depression
Anxiety and Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety: fear of upcoming event
Anxiety Disorder: irrational and excessive fear affect daily functioning.
Phobias and Specific Phobia
Specific phobia: fear and anxiety produced by specific objects or situation. (immediate and irrational no thoughts)
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Being separated from an individual cause them to worry and be anxious (past age of normalcy)
Social Anxiety Disorder
Social phobia because people think they will be viewed negatively by others (embarrassed or negatively perceived) Avoidant behavior to impairement
Selective Mutism
Associated with SAD and inability to talk when speaking is expected (usually uncomfortable and high tension)
Panic Disorder
Recurrence of unexpected panic attacks (sudden urge of losing control of body and death) excessive activation of the SNS causing impairing social anxiety
Expected and Unexpected Panic Attacks
If there is a specific trigger, or if it is random.
Agoraphobia
Fear of being in places with difficulty of escape (may stem from having panic attack or embarrassment) usually diagnosed with panic, SAD, and phobias
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Disproportionate and persistent worry about things in general (6 months) Suffers from exhaustion issues.
Obsessive-Compulsion Disorder
Obsessions: intrusive and persistent thought of need that produce anxiety or something bad will happen
Compulsions: the rule of action or behavior to alleviate that obsession induced stress.
this cycle becomes super impairing
Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Muscle Dysmorphia
Preoccupation of a unrealistic negative evaluated body part (attractiveness). This can cause for cosmetic surgeries.
Muscle Dysmorphia: believes their body to be too small.
Hoarding Disorder
Obsession to hoard items (maybe it’ll become useful)
Trichotillomania and Excoriation Disorder
Trichotillomania: Desire to pull one’s hair
Excoriation Disorder: Desire to pick at skin
* failing to stop themselves from doing it
IAAN of PTSD
Intrusion: recurrent reliving of the event, flashbacks, nightmares, thoughts. (CC)
Arousal: increased startle, jittery, anxiety (CC)
Avoidance: deliberate attempts to avoid objects associate with the trauma (OC)
Negative Cognitive: Repressed memories, negative view and mood
PTSD or acute stress disorder
IAAN symptoms for < 1 month, if less its ASD
Dissociative Disorders
Avoid stress by escaping from parts of their identity but still perceive reality.
Dissociative amnesia and Dissociative fugue
Inability to recall past experiences, and dissociative fugue: sudden unexpected move of wandering away from wherever. (confused identity)
Dissociative Identity Disorder
two or more personalities that recurrently take control of patients behavior. mostly sexual abuse patients and try to integrate personalities into one.
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Depersonalization: detached from own minds and bodies (out of body experience)
Derealization: detached from reality (dreamlike)
Somatic Symptom Disorder
have one somatic symptom that may or may not be caused by medical condition causing excessive worry
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Consumed with thoughts of having or developing a serious medical condition. Excessively check themselves for health issues.
Conversion Disorder
Symptoms that seemingly affect neurological sensorimotor functions but no physical damage.
La belle indifference
Patient who is surprisingly unconcerned by disorder usually found in conversion disorder.
Personality Disorder (general personality disorder)
Pattern of behavior that is deviant and maladaptive causing distress or impaired functioning. (ego-syntonic)
Ego-syntonic vs. ego-dystonic
Ego-syntonic: perceives as the behavior as normal and harmony with their goals
Ego-dystonic: perceives the behavior as illness that is intrusive and bothersome
Cluster (A) Personality PSS
Odd and eccentric behaviors
Paranoid PD: Pervasive distrust of others and motives (might be in prodromal stage) delusion of persecution
Schizotypal PD: odd and eccentric thinking, magical thinking
Schizoid PD: detachment from social environments and restricted emotion expression.
Cluster (B) Personality BANH
Dramatic, erratic, emotional
Borderline: characterized by emotional instability in mood and self-image. (Splitting: view either as all good or all mad)
Antisocial: Disregard for the rights of others (no remorse)
Narcissistic: grandiose self-esteem of importance and uniqueness, not too kind on criticism.
Histrionic: excessive attention seeking.
Cluster (C) Personality DOA
Anxious or fearful
Dependent PD: continuous need for reassurance and dependent on someone to make decisions
OCPD: perfectionist and well-structured of life but is often stiff and humorless.
Avoidant PD: extreme shyness and fear of rejection although wanting to be accepted.
Biological Factors of Schizophrenia
genetic, birth maladies (hypoxemia), excessive marijuana during adolescence.
- excessive of dopamine in brain
Neuroleptics and antipsychotics
Medications that block dopamine receptors and depress nerve function
Biological Factors of Depression
Abnormally high glucose in amygdala, hippocampal atrophy, high levels of cortisol, decreased norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.
Bipolar (mania) biological factors
Increased monoamine theory, genetic, and Multiple sclerosis patients.
Alzheimer’s Disease biological factors
When degradation of brain leads to severe impairment in normal function.
Presenilin, apolipoprotein E,B-amyloid precursor protein alter likelihood of developing disease.
-B-amyloid plaques
-Neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau
-Acetylcholine reduction.
Symptoms of Parkinson’s
- Bradykinesia (slowed movement)
- Resting tremor
- Pill-rolling tremor
- Masklike facies
- Cogwheel rigidity (halting when trying to move limb)
- Shuffling gait in stooped.
Biological factors of Parkinson’s
Substantia nigra (produce dopamine) becomes less black –> impairs basal ganglia functioning. (starting and ending and smoothening motor tasks).
L-Dopa
Drug used to treat Parkinson’s and replace dopamine loss.
