Social psychology

Question 1

Norman Triplett

Answer 1

first social psych study: effect of competition on performance (better with other people on easy tasks)

Question 2

Role theory

Answer 2

people are aware of roles they are expected to fill, and try to adopt them

Question 3

Consistency theory

Answer 3

people prefer consistency and will change / resist changing attitudes based upon this preference

Question 4

Fritz Heider’s balance theory

Answer 4

how 3 elements are related. Balance exists when all 3 fit harmoniously, otherwise there will be stress & tendency to remove the stress.

Question 5

Leon Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 5

conflict felt when attitudes don’t fit with behaviors. Attitude may change to fit your behavior

Question 6

Free-choice dissonance

Answer 6

making a choice between several desirable alternatives

Question 7

Forced-choice dissonance

Answer 7

forced into behavior inconsistent with attitudes

Question 8

Daryl Bem’s self perception theory

Answer 8

when your attitudes are weak, you observe your behavior and attribute an attitude

Question 9

Overjustification effect

Answer 9

occurs when you are rewarded for something you like

Question 10

Carl Hovland & communication/persuasion:

Answer 10

Sleeper effect: persuasion of high credible source decreases while low credible source persuasion increases….
Arguing against self interest increases credibility
Two-sided messages - arguments for both sides are more balanced

Question 11

Petty & Cacioppo model of persuasion

Answer 11

Central route: care about the issue being discussed, pay attention
Peripheral route: don’t care/ distracted; strength of argument doesn’t matter. What matters is who and where the argument is presented

Question 12

Leon Festinger’s social comparison theory

Answer 12

evaluate ourselves in relation to others

Question 13

Reciprocity hypothesis

Answer 13

we like those who like us; dislike who dislike us…

Question 14

Gain-loss principle - Aronson & Linder

Answer 14

evaluation that changes is more impactful than a constant evaluation. When liking has increased, we will like that person more.

Question 15

Social exchange theory

Answer 15

person weighs the rewards and costs of interaction with another

Question 16

Equity theory

Answer 16

we also consider the other person’s costs and rewards. Their costs and rewards should be equal to ours

Question 17

attractiveness stereotype

Answer 17

tendency to attribute positive qualities and characteristics to attractive people

Question 18

Factors of attraction

Answer 18

• spatial proximity

- mere exposure (Robert Zajonc)

Question 19

Bystander effect

Answer 19

Darley & Bibb Latance- diffusion of responsibility with more bystanders

Question 20

Pluralistic ignorance

Answer 20

situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but go along with it because they assume, incorrectly, that most others accept it.

Question 21

Batson’s empathy-altruism model

Answer 21

People feel distress or empathy when others need help, so they help them

Question 22

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 22

When people are frustrated, they act aggressively

Question 23

Bandura’s social learning theory

Answer 23

aggression is learned through MODELING or REINFORCEMENT.

Question 24

Sherif’s conformity study

Answer 24

auto kinetic effect- light will appear to move in a dark room.
individuals conformed to match group’s answers.

Question 25

Asch's conformity study

Answer 25

Point at the same length lines. 37% of answers were wrong & 75% gave a wrong answer at least once, even when there was no pressure to conform. -subjects yield to group pressure and choose incorrect line

Question 26

Milgram's obediance study

Answer 26

- All participants gave at least a 300 v shock - 26/40 continued to the next dangerous shock level - When someone else delivered the shock, 37/40 participated until the very end.

Question 27

Foot-in-the-door effect

Answer 27

compliance with small request increases likelihood of compliance with a bigger request

Question 28

Door-in-the-face effect

Answer 28

When large request is refused, a smaller request is more likely to be accepted.

Question 29

Clark & Clark (Doll preference task)

Answer 29

White doll preferred for all kids

Question 30

Albert Bandura

Answer 30

Self efficacy- one's belief in ability to organize & execute a particular pattern of behavior. Based on accomplishments, experiences, social persuasion, and physical/emotional states

Question 31

Primacy/ recency effects

Answer 31

primacy - first impression is more important | recency- most recent info is more important

Question 32

Attribution theory

Answer 32

focuses on tendency for us to infer other's behavior. - dispositional- caused by the person's personality - situational- due to situation

Question 33

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 33

assume that others act due to disposition, while we sometimes act due to situation

Question 34

Halo effect

Answer 34

tendency to allow a general impression of someone to influence other, specific evaluations (I like Jill. Jill is a good writer. She can do no wrong..)

Question 35

MJ Lerner- a just world

Answer 35

people believe the world is just, good things come to good people and vice versa

Question 36

Theodore Newcomb's study on influence of group norms

Answer 36

females in college increasingly accepted the community norms, becoming more liberal

Question 37

Edward Hall & Proxemics

Answer 37

Cultural norms regarding how close to stand to people. | -US: if close, then one foot. If strangers then several feet apart.

Question 38

Zajonc & presence of others

Answer 38

- easy tasks facilitated by audience | - hard tasks are harder with others

Question 39

Social loafing

Answer 39

people put forth less effort when in a group

Question 40

Anonymity & Philip Zimbardo

Answer 40

People are more likely to commit antisocial acts when they are anonymous.

Question 41

Zimbardo's prison experiment

Answer 41

Deindividuation- loss of self awareness and personal identity due to roles they were playing

Question 42

Irvin Janis & Group think

Answer 42

Group think- tendency of decision making groups to strive for consensus by disregarding discordant info

Question 43

Groups- risky shift

Answer 43

group decisions are riskier than individual decisions | -one explanation for this is the VALUE HYPOTHESIS- risky shift occurs in cultures where riskiness is culturally valued

Question 44

Group polarization

Answer 44

tendency for group discussion to enhance group's initial tendency toward riskiness or caution

Question 45

Qualities of leaders

Answer 45

- engage in more communication | - perceived leadership increased with talking

Question 46

Kurt Lewin & Leadership styles

Answer 46

- Autocratic: groups more hostile, aggressive, and dependent on leader; greater work quantity - Democratic: more satisfying & cohesive; greater motivation & interest - Laissez-fair- less efficient, less organized, and less satisfying

Question 47

Sherif & superordinate goals

Answer 47

joint effort on these goals improves intergroup relations

Question 48

"Blaming the victim" is associated with :

Answer 48

belief in a just world

Question 49

The groupthink process contains all but - inhumane solution - critical thinking - group cohesiveness - riskiness

Answer 49

critical thinking

Question 50

Milgram's study is mostly associated with

Answer 50

conformity

Question 51

"she stole bc she is a thief" is an example of:

Answer 51

fundamental attribution error

Question 52

What concept is closely associated with Allport?

Answer 52

functional autonomy

Question 53

Resolution of an avoidance-avoidance conflict is most like

Answer 53

choosing the lesser of two evils.

Question 54

Confabulation is often a symptom of

Answer 54

Korsakoff's syndrome

Question 55

Which psychologist would argue that researchers should investigate the effects various social behaviors have on fitness?

Answer 55

E.O. wilson

Question 56

autoshaping is important bc it shows

Answer 56

behaviors thought to be solely due to operant conditioning may have a classical conditioning component.

Question 57

Which method is used to assess cooperation and competition?

Answer 57

the prisoner's dilemma

Question 58

the theory of kin selection was proposed to explain

Answer 58

altruism