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Psychology GRE Cards > Social psychology > Flashcards

Social psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Norman Triplett

A

first social psych study: effect of competition on performance (better with other people on easy tasks)

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2
Q

Role theory

A

people are aware of roles they are expected to fill, and try to adopt them

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3
Q

Consistency theory

A

people prefer consistency and will change / resist changing attitudes based upon this preference

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4
Q

Fritz Heider’s balance theory

A

how 3 elements are related. Balance exists when all 3 fit harmoniously, otherwise there will be stress & tendency to remove the stress.

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5
Q

Leon Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory

A

conflict felt when attitudes don’t fit with behaviors. Attitude may change to fit your behavior

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6
Q

Free-choice dissonance

A

making a choice between several desirable alternatives

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7
Q

Forced-choice dissonance

A

forced into behavior inconsistent with attitudes

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8
Q

Daryl Bem’s self perception theory

A

when your attitudes are weak, you observe your behavior and attribute an attitude

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9
Q

Overjustification effect

A

occurs when you are rewarded for something you like

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10
Q

Carl Hovland & communication/persuasion:

A

Sleeper effect: persuasion of high credible source decreases while low credible source persuasion increases….
Arguing against self interest increases credibility
Two-sided messages - arguments for both sides are more balanced

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11
Q

Petty & Cacioppo model of persuasion

A

Central route: care about the issue being discussed, pay attention
Peripheral route: don’t care/ distracted; strength of argument doesn’t matter. What matters is who and where the argument is presented

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12
Q

Leon Festinger’s social comparison theory

A

evaluate ourselves in relation to others

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13
Q

Reciprocity hypothesis

A

we like those who like us; dislike who dislike us…

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14
Q

Gain-loss principle - Aronson & Linder

A

evaluation that changes is more impactful than a constant evaluation. When liking has increased, we will like that person more.

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15
Q

Social exchange theory

A

person weighs the rewards and costs of interaction with another

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16
Q

Equity theory

A

we also consider the other person’s costs and rewards. Their costs and rewards should be equal to ours

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17
Q

attractiveness stereotype

A

tendency to attribute positive qualities and characteristics to attractive people

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18
Q

Factors of attraction

A
  • spatial proximity

- mere exposure (Robert Zajonc)

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19
Q

Bystander effect

A

Darley & Bibb Latance- diffusion of responsibility with more bystanders

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20
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A

situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but go along with it because they assume, incorrectly, that most others accept it.

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21
Q

Batson’s empathy-altruism model

A

People feel distress or empathy when others need help, so they help them

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22
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

When people are frustrated, they act aggressively

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23
Q

Bandura’s social learning theory

A

aggression is learned through MODELING or REINFORCEMENT.

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24
Q

Sherif’s conformity study

A

auto kinetic effect- light will appear to move in a dark room.
individuals conformed to match group’s answers.

25
Q

Asch’s conformity study

A

Point at the same length lines.
37% of answers were wrong & 75% gave a wrong answer at least once, even when there was no pressure to conform.
-subjects yield to group pressure and choose incorrect line

26
Q

Milgram’s obediance study

A
  • All participants gave at least a 300 v shock
  • 26/40 continued to the next dangerous shock level
  • When someone else delivered the shock, 37/40 participated until the very end.
27
Q

Foot-in-the-door effect

A

compliance with small request increases likelihood of compliance with a bigger request

28
Q

Door-in-the-face effect

A

When large request is refused, a smaller request is more likely to be accepted.

29
Q

Clark & Clark (Doll preference task)

A

White doll preferred for all kids

30
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Self efficacy- one’s belief in ability to organize & execute a particular pattern of behavior.
Based on accomplishments, experiences, social persuasion, and physical/emotional states

31
Q

Primacy/ recency effects

A

primacy - first impression is more important

recency- most recent info is more important

32
Q

Attribution theory

A

focuses on tendency for us to infer other’s behavior.

  • dispositional- caused by the person’s personality
  • situational- due to situation
33
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

assume that others act due to disposition, while we sometimes act due to situation

34
Q

Halo effect

A

tendency to allow a general impression of someone to influence other, specific evaluations (I like Jill. Jill is a good writer. She can do no wrong..)

35
Q

MJ Lerner- a just world

A

people believe the world is just, good things come to good people and vice versa

36
Q

Theodore Newcomb’s study on influence of group norms

A

females in college increasingly accepted the community norms, becoming more liberal

37
Q

Edward Hall & Proxemics

A

Cultural norms regarding how close to stand to people.

-US: if close, then one foot. If strangers then several feet apart.

38
Q

Zajonc & presence of others

A
  • easy tasks facilitated by audience

- hard tasks are harder with others

39
Q

Social loafing

A

people put forth less effort when in a group

40
Q

Anonymity & Philip Zimbardo

A

People are more likely to commit antisocial acts when they are anonymous.

41
Q

Zimbardo’s prison experiment

A

Deindividuation- loss of self awareness and personal identity due to roles they were playing

42
Q

Irvin Janis & Group think

A

Group think- tendency of decision making groups to strive for consensus by disregarding discordant info

43
Q

Groups- risky shift

A

group decisions are riskier than individual decisions

-one explanation for this is the VALUE HYPOTHESIS- risky shift occurs in cultures where riskiness is culturally valued

44
Q

Group polarization

A

tendency for group discussion to enhance group’s initial tendency toward riskiness or caution

45
Q

Qualities of leaders

A
  • engage in more communication

- perceived leadership increased with talking

46
Q

Kurt Lewin & Leadership styles

A
  • Autocratic: groups more hostile, aggressive, and dependent on leader; greater work quantity
  • Democratic: more satisfying & cohesive; greater motivation & interest
  • Laissez-fair- less efficient, less organized, and less satisfying
47
Q

Sherif & superordinate goals

A

joint effort on these goals improves intergroup relations

48
Q

“Blaming the victim” is associated with :

A

belief in a just world

49
Q

The groupthink process contains all but

  • inhumane solution
  • critical thinking
  • group cohesiveness
  • riskiness
A

critical thinking

50
Q

Milgram’s study is mostly associated with

A

conformity

51
Q

“she stole bc she is a thief” is an example of:

A

fundamental attribution error

52
Q

What concept is closely associated with Allport?

A

functional autonomy

53
Q

Resolution of an avoidance-avoidance conflict is most like

A

choosing the lesser of two evils.

54
Q

Confabulation is often a symptom of

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

55
Q

Which psychologist would argue that researchers should investigate the effects various social behaviors have on fitness?

A

E.O. wilson

56
Q

autoshaping is important bc it shows

A

behaviors thought to be solely due to operant conditioning may have a classical conditioning component.

57
Q

Which method is used to assess cooperation and competition?

A

the prisoner’s dilemma

58
Q

the theory of kin selection was proposed to explain

A

altruism

Psychology GRE Cards (8 decks)

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