Personality & Abnormal psychology Flashcards
William Sheldon’s body types
Endomorph- soft and spherical
Mesomorph- hard, muscular, rectangular
Ectomorph- thin, fragile, and lightly muscled
Philippe Pinel
believed sick people should be treated with kindness.
Improved asylum conditions.
Dorothea Dix
advocate for treating mentally ill humanely
Emil Kraeplin
creator precursor to the DSM, summarizing disorders that were known in 1883
General paresis
disorder characterized by delusions of grandeur, mental deterioration, paralysis and death.
- caused by syphyllis
- showed that physiological factors could underlie mental disorders
Cerletti & Bini
- use of electroshock for creating artificial seizures in patients.
- very violent and not helpful for schizophrenics
Prefrontal lobotomy
- frontal lobes severed from brain tissue
- did not cure patient, but made them easier to handle and more tranquil
Psychodynamic / psychoanalytic theory
-postulate the existence of unconscious internal states that motivate overt actions of individuals to determine personality
Id
- reservoir of all psychic energy
- consists of everything psychological present at birth
- pleasure principal- aim is to relieve any tension (obtain satisfaction NOW not later)
Ego
- reality principal- takes objective reality into account
- inhibits id and pleasure principal
- Receives power from the id (can not be independent)
Superego
- represents moral branch of personality & strives for perfection
- 2 sub systems are
1) conscience- rules and norms of bad behavior
2) ego-ideal- provides rules for good behavior
Eros (life instinct)
- serves purpose of survival (hunger, thirst, sex)
- energy used- libido
Thanatos (death instinct)
-represents an unconscious wish for absolute state of quiescence
Defense mechanisms - 2 characteristics
- 1) deny / falsify / distort reality
2) operate unconsciously
Repression
unconscious forgetting of anxiety producing memories
Suppression
Deliberate, conscious form of forgetting
Projection
when a person attributes his forbidden urges to others
Reaction formation
a repressed wish is warded off by its opposite
Rationalization
Developing a socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior
Regression
reverting to an earlier state of urges
Sublimation
transforming unacceptable urges to socially acceptable behaviors
displacement
pent up feelings are discharged on objects or people less dangerous than what is causing the feelings
Carl jung- collective unconscious
powerful system shared among all humans and is considered to be a reside of experiences of early ancestors
includes Archetypes: a thought or image that has an emotional element
Jung- persona
mask adopted by a person in response to demands of social convention
Jung- Anima & Animius
help understand gender
-feminine behaviors in males and masculine behaviors in females
Jung- Shadow archetype
animal instincts gathered in lower forms of life
Jung- the self
person’s striving for unity
-intersection between collective unconscious and conscious
Adler
- Creative Self
- Style of life
- fictional finalism
Creative self: the force by which each individual shapes his uniqueness and makes his own personality
Style of life: manifestation of creative self; describes unique way of achieving superiority
Fictional finalism: notion that an individual is motivated by the future expectations more than the past
Karen Horney
- neurotic personality is governed by one of ten needs
- child’s early perception of self is very important
- helplessness produces anxiety in children
Anna Freud
- children psychoanalytic work should focus on direct investigation of conscious ego and its relation to the world, to the unconscious, and to the superego
- founder of ego psychology
Object relations theory
- “object” refers to symbolic representation of a significant part of the young child’s personality
- look at development of internalized objects in children
Martin Seligman & learned helplessness
-dogs learned to be helpless when shocked
Aaron Beck - cognitive therapy
-write down negative self thoughts, find out why they are unjustified, and come up with less destructive cognition
Albert Ellis - rational-emotive therapy (RET)
- basic assumption: people develop irrational ways of thinking
- therapist challenges irrational beliefs
Symptom substitution
- if the underlying cause is still there, psychoanalysts suggest that new symptoms will develop to replace the old ones.
- behaviorists disagree
Kurt Lewin’s field theory
- personality is dynamic and always changing
- personality divided by “systems”
- behavior is the result of the individual and their environment
- a person’s psychological state influences their social field
Abraham Maslow
- self actualization- highest order of need, which most people don’t reach
- self actualized people likely to have peak experiences: profound and deeply moving experiences that have important and lasting effects
Carl Rogers
- client-centered/person centered therapy
- client knows what is best
- unconditional positive regard
Victor Frankl
- nazi camp survivor
- human search for meaning to existence
- mental illness stems from meaningless life
Type A/B personality
Type A: competitive & compulsive
Type B: laid back and relaxed (less likely to suffer heart attack; characteristic of middle/upper class men)
Raymond Cattell
-identified 16 basic building blocks of personality
Gordon Allport & Traits
- 3 basic types of traits
1) cardinal- organized around life (not everyone has this)
2) central- major characteristics that are easy to infer
3) secondary- more personal & limited in occurance
Sandra Bem & androgyny
-because people can score high on both masculine and feminine traits, masculinity and femininity are two difference gender dimensions
Androgyny- state of being both very masculine and feminine
Schizoid personality disorder
- detachment from social relationships
- restricted range of emotional expression
- little desire for socializing & few friends + poor social skills
Borderline personality disorder
- instability in behavior, mood, and self image
- unstable & intense interpersonal relationships
- fear of abandonment & uncertainty of identity
Antisocial personality disorder
- disregard and violation of others
- illegal acts, no remorse, aggression…
Narcissistic personality disorder
- grandiose sense of self importance
- constant need for attention
- fragile self esteem and constantly concerned with others
- when not admired, people may feel rage, shame, humiliation, and emptiness
Dissociative amnesia
inability to recall past experience
-not due to a neurological disorder
Dissociative fugue
amnesia that accompanies a sudden, unexpected move away from home
-confused and may assume a new identity
Somatoform disorders
- conversion disorder
- illness anxiety disorder
- involve presence of physical sx which are not fully explained by a medical condition
- not faking; person really believes they are sick
Conversion disorder: unexplained sx affecting motor or sensory functions (for example unexplained paralysis)
Illness anxiety disorder: (hypochondriacs) person is preoccupied with fears of illness, even when shown to be healthy
A patient is afraid to leave his house and spend time in populated areas for fear of having a panic attack and not being able to escape. What is the best diagnosis?
Agoraphobia
CPI as compared to the MMPI is
applicable to more normal groups
Carl Rogers says the goal of therapy is
congruence
What is the least accepted of Freud’s ideas in current psychoanalytic theory?
The belief that humans have a death instinct
CJ jung is not assiocated with which of these?
extroversion/introversion
peak experiences
peak experiences
Kurt lewin found in his study of leadership styles that
autocratic leaders created more hostility than democratic leaders
the uncovering and discharge of repressed emotion
abreaction
what do SSRIs do?
limit the reuptake of serotonin in the synapses
who attempted to relate personality to perception?
Herman Witkin
Petty and Cacioppo developed
the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
the length of the prodromal phase of schizophrenia is most directly relevant to the
process-reactive distinction
Kelly’s basic approach to personality
people have a need to control the environment
