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Psychology GRE Cards > Physiological psychology > Flashcards

Physiological psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Franz Gall

A
  • developed phrenology
  • he believed that if a trait was well developed, it would expand, causing a bump on the skull
  • shown to be false and led to more research by Pierre Flourens
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2
Q

Flourens - extirpation

A
  • AKA ablation
  • various parts of brain are removed, and behavioral consequences are observed
  • brain parts have specific functions & removal of one part weakens the whole brain
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3
Q

Paul Broca

A

-first to demonstrate that specific functional impairments can be linked with specific brain lesions

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4
Q

Phineas Gage

A

show effects of prefrontal cortex damage to personality

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5
Q

Johannes Muller

A
  • identified law of specific energies
  • each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy (light or air vibrations_
  • sensation depends on part of brain that nerves stimulate
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6
Q

Hermann von Hemholtz

A
  • measured speed of a nerve impulse

- transition of psychology to natural sciences

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7
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

-first inferred the existence of synapses

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8
Q

3 kinds of nerve cells

A
  • sensory neurons
  • motor neurons
  • interneurons
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9
Q

Sensory neurons

A
  • AKA afferent neurons

- transmit sensory info from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

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10
Q

Motor neurons

A
  • AKA efferent neurons

- transmit motor info from the brain and spinal cord to muscles

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11
Q

Interneurons

A
  • found between other neurons
  • most numerous of all neurons
  • linked to reflexive behavior (which is controlled by reflex arcs, and is crucial to survival)
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12
Q

Nervous system - central and peripheral NS

A

Central NS- brain and spinal cord

Peripheral NS- made of nerve tissues and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

2 parts of Peripheral Nervous System

A

1)Somatic nervous system- consists of sensory and kotor neurons throughout skin and muscles

2) autonomic nervous system- Walter Cannon- regulates heart beat, respiration, digestion, & involuntary functions
- functions are automatic, out of control

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14
Q

2 subdivisions of autonomic nervous system

A

1) sympathetic NS- accelerates heartbeat and inhibit digestions- Fight or Flight
2) parasympathetic NS– decelerates heartbeat and increases digestion

The branches are antagonistic

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15
Q

3 subdivisions of the brain

A
  • hindbrain
  • midbrain
  • forebrain
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16
Q

Hindbrain

A
  • Where brain meets spinal cord
  • balance, coordination, breathing, digestion, and arousal processes like sleep and wake.
  • manages vital functioning for survival
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17
Q

Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

A
  • manages sensorimotor reflexes that promote survival

- receives sensory and motor info

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18
Q

Forebrain

A
  • emotion & memory

- greatest influence on behavior

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19
Q

Brainstem

A

-formed by hindbrain and midbrain

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20
Q

Limbic system

A
  • a group of neural structures associated with emotion and memory
  • aggresion, fear, pleasure, pain
  • amygdala, hippocampus, septal nuclei
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21
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary development

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22
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • language processing
  • problem solving
  • impulse control
  • long term planning
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23
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • in the hindbrain

- regulates vital functions like breathing

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24
Q

Pons

A
  • lies above medulla

- sensory and motor tracts

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25
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • at the top of the hindbrain

- posture, balance, and coordination of movements

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26
Q

Reticular formation

A

-regulates arousal, alertness, and attention

27
Q

2 nuclei in the midbrain

  • Superior colliculus
  • Inferior colliculus
A

-Superior colliculus: recieves visual sensory input (seeing)

  • Inferior colliculus: recieves sensory info from the auditory system
  • role in reflexive reactions with loud sounds
28
Q

Thalamus

A
  • structure in forebraian
  • sorts out all sensory info other than smell & transmits it to the right area of the cerebral cortex
  • sensory way station
29
Q

Hypothalamus 3 divisions

A

1) lateral hypothalamus
2) ventromedial hypothalamus
3) anterior hypothalamus

  • homeostatic functions
  • emotions during high arousal, aggresive and sexual behavior & hormonal functions
30
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A
  • hunger center

- damage may lead to aphagia- lacking hunger

31
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A
  • satiety center

- damage may lead to hyperphagia or overeating

32
Q

Four “F”s of hypothalamus

A

Feeding
Fighting
Fleeing
Sexual Functioning

33
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

stimulation causes increase in aggressive sexual behavior

34
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • coordinates muscle movement
  • plays a role in parkinson’s disease (jerky movements and tremors)
  • may also play a role in schizophrenia
35
Q

Amygdala

A

Defensive and aggressive behavior

-removal leads to kluver bucy syndrome

36
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • learning and memory

- anterograde & retrograde amnesia

37
Q

4 brain lobes

A
  • Frontal lobe (executive function)
  • Temporal lobe (hearing)
  • Parietal love (touch, temperature, pain)
  • Occipital lobe (vision)
38
Q

Dominant VS non dominant hemispheres

A

Dominant hemisphere- usually left
-language, logic, math skills

nondominant- more focused on emotional aspect of language like tone
-intuition, creativity, music, & spatial processing

39
Q

Corpus collosum

A

Allows sharing of info between 2 hemispheres

40
Q

Review neuron parts

A

soma, dendrites, axon, terminal buttons, mylelin sheath, etc…

41
Q

Catcholamines / monoamines

A
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • dopamine

-important role in emotions

42
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • AKA noradenaline
  • alertness & wakefulness
  • implicated in mood disorders like depression and mania
  • Theory- excess causes mania and lack causes depression
43
Q

Dopamine

A
  • movement & posture

- high amounts in basal ganglia

44
Q

Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

A

delusions, hallucinations, and agitation in schizophrenia caused by too much dopamine or oversensitivity of dopamine

45
Q

Phenothiazines

A
  • antipsychotic medications

- reduce sensitivity of dopamine receptors

46
Q

Parkinson’s disease theory of origin

A

-due to loss of dopamine sensitive neurons in basal ganglia

47
Q

L-Dopa

A
  • treatment for Parkinson’s
  • increases dopamine levels in the brain
  • may cause psychotic symptoms
48
Q

Serotonin

A
  • a monoamine
  • regulates mood, sleep, arousal
  • role in depression and mania (oversupply > mania and undersupply > depression)
  • SSRI’s made for depression, such as prozac
49
Q

Monoamine theory of depression

A

-norepinephine and serotonin linked to mania and depression

50
Q

GABA

A
  • produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

- stabilizes neural brain acitivity

51
Q

Peptides

A
  • 2+ amino acids together
  • involved in neurotransmission
  • EX) endorphins- similar to morphine/ opiates
52
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • voluntary muscle control

- linked to alzheimer’s

53
Q

if a neuron will not fire, it is most likely

A

in its absolute refractory period

54
Q

relationship between genotype and phenotype

A

the genotype is the organism’s finite potential which interacts with the environment to form the phenotype

55
Q

“paradoxical sleep” is

A

its eeg pattern resembles that of the waking state more than that of slow wave sleep

56
Q

The nondominant hemisphere is more adept at

A

spatial organization

57
Q

The brain structure that plays a critical role in motivated behaviors like eating and sex, is

A

hypothalamus

58
Q

Removal of the hippocampus is most likely to lead to

A

anterograde amnesia

59
Q

Which did not made important contributions to psychophysics?

Hemholtz
Fechner
Stevens
Weber
Swets
A

Herman Von Hemholtz

60
Q

The custom that a majority vote is sufficient for a measure to become a law is most analogous with

A

the all or nothing law governing the action potential

61
Q

aggressive behavior appears to be inhibited by

A

septal nuclei

62
Q

The dominant hemisphere of the brain

A

controls the expression and comprehension of language

63
Q

FSH is secreted by the

A

pituitary gland

Psychology GRE Cards (8 decks)

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