- developed phrenology - he believed that if a trait was well developed, it would expand, causing a bump on the skull - shown to be false and led to more research by Pierre Flourens

- identified law of specific energies - each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy (light or air vibrations_ - sensation depends on part of brain that nerves stimulate

- measured speed of a nerve impulse - transition of psychology to natural sciences

- found between other neurons - most numerous of all neurons - linked to reflexive behavior (which is controlled by reflex arcs, and is crucial to survival)

- Where brain meets spinal cord - balance, coordination, breathing, digestion, and arousal processes like sleep and wake. - manages vital functioning for survival

- emotion & memory - greatest influence on behavior

- a group of neural structures associated with emotion and memory - aggresion, fear, pleasure, pain - amygdala, hippocampus, septal nuclei

- language processing - problem solving - impulse control - long term planning

- in the hindbrain - regulates vital functions like breathing

- lies above medulla - sensory and motor tracts

Physiological psychology Flashcards by Sasha K.

Franz Gall

developed phrenology
he believed that if a trait was well developed, it would expand, causing a bump on the skull
shown to be false and led to more research by Pierre Flourens

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Flourens - extirpation

AKA ablation
various parts of brain are removed, and behavioral consequences are observed
brain parts have specific functions & removal of one part weakens the whole brain

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Paul Broca

-first to demonstrate that specific functional impairments can be linked with specific brain lesions

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Phineas Gage

show effects of prefrontal cortex damage to personality

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Johannes Muller

identified law of specific energies
each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy (light or air vibrations_
sensation depends on part of brain that nerves stimulate

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Hermann von Hemholtz

measured speed of a nerve impulse

- transition of psychology to natural sciences

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Sir Charles Sherrington

-first inferred the existence of synapses

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3 kinds of nerve cells

sensory neurons
motor neurons
interneurons

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Sensory neurons

AKA afferent neurons

- transmit sensory info from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

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Motor neurons

AKA efferent neurons

- transmit motor info from the brain and spinal cord to muscles

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Interneurons

found between other neurons
most numerous of all neurons
linked to reflexive behavior (which is controlled by reflex arcs, and is crucial to survival)

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Nervous system - central and peripheral NS

Central NS- brain and spinal cord

Peripheral NS- made of nerve tissues and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord

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2 parts of Peripheral Nervous System

1)Somatic nervous system- consists of sensory and kotor neurons throughout skin and muscles

2) autonomic nervous system- Walter Cannon- regulates heart beat, respiration, digestion, & involuntary functions
- functions are automatic, out of control

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2 subdivisions of autonomic nervous system

1) sympathetic NS- accelerates heartbeat and inhibit digestions- Fight or Flight
2) parasympathetic NS– decelerates heartbeat and increases digestion

The branches are antagonistic

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3 subdivisions of the brain

hindbrain
midbrain
forebrain

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Hindbrain

Where brain meets spinal cord
balance, coordination, breathing, digestion, and arousal processes like sleep and wake.
manages vital functioning for survival

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Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

manages sensorimotor reflexes that promote survival

- receives sensory and motor info

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Forebrain

emotion & memory

- greatest influence on behavior

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Brainstem

-formed by hindbrain and midbrain

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Limbic system

a group of neural structures associated with emotion and memory
aggresion, fear, pleasure, pain
amygdala, hippocampus, septal nuclei

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Phylogeny

evolutionary development

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Cerebral cortex

language processing
problem solving
impulse control
long term planning

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Medulla oblongata

in the hindbrain

- regulates vital functions like breathing

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Pons

lies above medulla

- sensory and motor tracts

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Cerebellum

- at the top of the hindbrain | - posture, balance, and coordination of movements

Reticular formation

-regulates arousal, alertness, and attention

2 nuclei in the midbrain - Superior colliculus - Inferior colliculus

-Superior colliculus: recieves visual sensory input (seeing) - Inferior colliculus: recieves sensory info from the auditory system - role in reflexive reactions with loud sounds

Thalamus

- structure in forebraian - sorts out all sensory info other than smell & transmits it to the right area of the cerebral cortex - sensory way station

Hypothalamus 3 divisions

1) lateral hypothalamus 2) ventromedial hypothalamus 3) anterior hypothalamus - homeostatic functions - emotions during high arousal, aggresive and sexual behavior & hormonal functions

Lateral hypothalamus

- hunger center | - damage may lead to aphagia- lacking hunger

Ventromedial hypothalamus

- satiety center | - damage may lead to hyperphagia or overeating

Four "F"s of hypothalamus

Feeding Fighting Fleeing Sexual Functioning

anterior hypothalamus

stimulation causes increase in aggressive sexual behavior

Basal ganglia

- coordinates muscle movement - plays a role in parkinson's disease (jerky movements and tremors) - may also play a role in schizophrenia

Amygdala

Defensive and aggressive behavior | -removal leads to kluver bucy syndrome

Hippocampus

- learning and memory | - anterograde & retrograde amnesia

4 brain lobes

- Frontal lobe (executive function) - Temporal lobe (hearing) - Parietal love (touch, temperature, pain) - Occipital lobe (vision)

Dominant VS non dominant hemispheres

Dominant hemisphere- usually left -language, logic, math skills nondominant- more focused on emotional aspect of language like tone -intuition, creativity, music, & spatial processing

Corpus collosum

Allows sharing of info between 2 hemispheres

Review neuron parts

soma, dendrites, axon, terminal buttons, mylelin sheath, etc...

Catcholamines / monoamines

- epinephrine - norepinephrine - dopamine -important role in emotions

Norepinephrine

- AKA noradenaline - alertness & wakefulness - implicated in mood disorders like depression and mania - Theory- excess causes mania and lack causes depression

Dopamine

- movement & posture | - high amounts in basal ganglia

Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

delusions, hallucinations, and agitation in schizophrenia caused by too much dopamine or oversensitivity of dopamine

Phenothiazines

- antipsychotic medications | - reduce sensitivity of dopamine receptors

Parkinson's disease theory of origin

-due to loss of dopamine sensitive neurons in basal ganglia

L-Dopa

- treatment for Parkinson's - increases dopamine levels in the brain - may cause psychotic symptoms

Serotonin

- a monoamine - regulates mood, sleep, arousal - role in depression and mania (oversupply > mania and undersupply > depression) - SSRI's made for depression, such as prozac

Monoamine theory of depression

-norepinephine and serotonin linked to mania and depression

GABA

- produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials | - stabilizes neural brain acitivity

Peptides

- 2+ amino acids together - involved in neurotransmission - EX) endorphins- similar to morphine/ opiates

Acetylcholine

- voluntary muscle control | - linked to alzheimer's

if a neuron will not fire, it is most likely

in its absolute refractory period

relationship between genotype and phenotype

the genotype is the organism's finite potential which interacts with the environment to form the phenotype

"paradoxical sleep" is

its eeg pattern resembles that of the waking state more than that of slow wave sleep

The nondominant hemisphere is more adept at

spatial organization

The brain structure that plays a critical role in motivated behaviors like eating and sex, is

hypothalamus

Removal of the hippocampus is most likely to lead to

anterograde amnesia

Which did not made important contributions to psychophysics? ``` Hemholtz Fechner Stevens Weber Swets ```

Herman Von Hemholtz

The custom that a majority vote is sufficient for a measure to become a law is most analogous with

the all or nothing law governing the action potential

aggressive behavior appears to be inhibited by

septal nuclei

The dominant hemisphere of the brain

controls the expression and comprehension of language

FSH is secreted by the

pituitary gland