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Psychology GRE Cards > Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

British empiricists

A

-John Locke
-Thomas Hobbes
-David Hume
Knowledge is gained through experience;
tabula rasa- child has a blank s;ate

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2
Q

Jean Rousseau

A

Society is unnecessary and detrimental to optimal development

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3
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A
  • Father of developmental psychology
  • empirical research on children
  • founder of child psych & APA
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4
Q

John Watson

A

importance in environmental influences, as well as Locke’s tabula rasa

  • Parents have responsibility to raise child competently
  • Emotions and thought are acquired through learning
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5
Q

Arnold Gesell

A

Development is a maturational/biological process

-Nativist: developmental blueprint from birth

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6
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Children are actively involved in their own development

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7
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

compared groups of subjects at different ages

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8
Q

Longitudinal study

A

follow same group of people over time

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9
Q

Sequential cohort study

A

combine cross-sectional and longitudinal study- Several groups of different ages studied over time

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10
Q

clinical / case study method

A

detailed look into development of a child / individual

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11
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

-study of genetics
-Gene: basic unit of heredity
-Allele: alternative form of a gene
^ Either dominant or recessive

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12
Q

Genotype & Phenotype

A

Genotype- total genetic makeup

Phenotype- observable, physical characteristics

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13
Q

RC Tyrons maze rat studies

A

Rats divided in 3- bright, dull, and intermediate

  • Provided evidence that learning ability had a genetic basis
  • performance only better on specific maze used
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14
Q

Lewis Terman’s study

A

compared group of children with high IQ VS general population.
-First study to focus on gifted children, and observed development every 5 years

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15
Q

Down syndrome

A
  • extra 21st chromosome
  • varying levels of intellectual disability
  • factor may be older parents
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16
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A
  • genetic disorder; degeneration of nervous system
  • enzyme needed to digest some foods / milk is missing
  • Effects can be avoided with strict diet
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17
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

Male possession of extra X chromosome

-XXY, sterile, intellectual disability

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18
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

Females with only one X chromosome

  • failure of secondary sex characteristics
  • physical abnormalities (fingers, mouth..)
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19
Q

Gametes

A

Human sex cells (egg & sperm cells)

-These combine to make a zygote or fertilized egg

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20
Q

Stages of prenatal development

A

1) Germinal period: 2 weeks from conception
2) Embryonic stage: 8 weeks; embryo increases 20,000x; begins to develop human appearance, limbs & nerve cells appear, as well as first motions
3) Fetal stage: 3d month; electrical activity in brain, continues to grow

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21
Q

Rooting reflex

A

turn head when cheek is stimulated

22
Q

Moro reflex

A

startled; fling out arms, extend fingers, & hug self

23
Q

Babinski reflex

A

toes spread apart when feet soles stimulated

24
Q 
Piaget terms
Schemata
Adaptation
Accomodation
Assimilation
A

Schemata- organized patterns of behavior and thought

Adaptation- this occurs through accommodation and assimilation

Assimilation- interpreting new info in terms of existing schemata

Accomodation- modifying existing schemata to adapt to new information

25
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

1) Sensorimotor- 0-2 years
Primary & secondary circular reactions
Towards end- object permanence

2) Preoperational- 2-7
representational thought
Centration- focus on one thing at a time
Egocentrism- cant take other perspectives

3) concrete operational stage - 7-11
Conservation & perspective taking

4) formal operations
ability to think like a scientist

26
Q

Phonology

A

sound stem of language

27
Q

semantics

A

learning of word meanings

28
Q

syntax

A

how words are put together to form sentences

29
Q

pragmatics

A

efficient use of language

30
Q

Holophrasis

A

using a single word to express a complete thought

31
Q

Peter Wolff & Crying

A

3 cries

  1. basic - hunger
  2. angry- frustration
  3. pain
32
Q

Social smiling

A

5 months- familiar faces are more likely to elicit a smile

33
Q

Mary Ainsworth strange situation

A

type a: insecure avoidant

b: secure attachmet
c: insecure resistant

34
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

imprinting takes place during certain critical periods

35
Q

Kohlberg’s gender stages

A
  1. gender labelling (2-3) realizing gender identity
  2. gender stability (3-4) predict they will remain the same gender
  3. gender consistency (4-7) permanency of gender no matter behavior and appearance
36
Q

Which of these did Watson not use to study behavior?

  • simple observation
  • conditioned reflex studies
  • instrumental control studies
  • method of hits
  • verbal reports on visceral reactions
A

method of hits (used in signal detection research)

37
Q

Which stimulus does not trigger the start of a behavior?

  • consummatory stimulus
  • sign stimulus
  • supernormal stimulus
  • motivating stimulus
  • releaser
A

motivating stimulus

38
Q

erikson- identity vs role confusion what age?

A

adolescent

39
Q

egg fertilization in humans occur in

A

the fallopian tubes

40
Q

according to Freud, in what stage is the oedipal conflict resolved?

A

phallic stage

41
Q

Convergent and divergent thinking was first defined by

A

J.P. guilford

42
Q

Walter michaels perspective on personality

A

trait theory is based on flawed assumptions about consistency of human behavior across situations

43
Q

what term is associated with henry murray and TAT test?

A

need to achieve

44
Q

if both parents have brown eyes, could the child have blue eyes?

A

yes

45
Q

When a child acquires the ability to represent the world internally through symbols, she enters which of piaget’s stages?

A

Preoperational

46
Q

Galton’s major contribution to psychology was his

A

focus on individual differences

47
Q

When a child reacts to a novel experience by changing his behavior in response to environmental demands, the resulting modification of his mental structure as referred by Piaget is the process of

A

accomodation

48
Q

An experimented who has been carefully trained in the techniques of self observation uses himself as a subject. He attempts to analyze his own experience into elements. This is most likely

A

Edward Titchener

49
Q

which is most likely to weaken a sociobiological explanation for the evolution of dominance hierarchies?

A

There is an inverse relationship between rank and inclusive fitness

50
Q

Piaget’s approach to investigating the thought processes underlying a given verbal response is best described as

A

the clinical method

51
Q

Which archetype represents the feminine side of men?

A

Anima

Psychology GRE Cards (8 decks)

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