Developmental Psychology

Question 1

British empiricists

Answer 1

-John Locke
-Thomas Hobbes
-David Hume
Knowledge is gained through experience;
tabula rasa- child has a blank s;ate

Question 2

Jean Rousseau

Answer 2

Society is unnecessary and detrimental to optimal development

Question 3

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 3

• Father of developmental psychology
• empirical research on children
• founder of child psych & APA

Question 4

John Watson

Answer 4

importance in environmental influences, as well as Locke’s tabula rasa

• Parents have responsibility to raise child competently
• Emotions and thought are acquired through learning

Question 5

Arnold Gesell

Answer 5

Development is a maturational/biological process

-Nativist: developmental blueprint from birth

Question 6

Jean Piaget

Answer 6

Children are actively involved in their own development

Question 7

Cross-sectional study

Answer 7

compared groups of subjects at different ages

Question 8

Longitudinal study

Answer 8

follow same group of people over time

Question 9

Sequential cohort study

Answer 9

combine cross-sectional and longitudinal study- Several groups of different ages studied over time

Question 10

clinical / case study method

Answer 10

detailed look into development of a child / individual

Question 11

Gregor Mendel

Answer 11

-study of genetics
-Gene: basic unit of heredity
-Allele: alternative form of a gene
^ Either dominant or recessive

Question 12

Genotype & Phenotype

Answer 12

Genotype- total genetic makeup

Phenotype- observable, physical characteristics

Question 13

RC Tyrons maze rat studies

Answer 13

Rats divided in 3- bright, dull, and intermediate

• Provided evidence that learning ability had a genetic basis
• performance only better on specific maze used

Question 14

Lewis Terman’s study

Answer 14

compared group of children with high IQ VS general population.
-First study to focus on gifted children, and observed development every 5 years

Question 15

Down syndrome

Answer 15

• extra 21st chromosome
• varying levels of intellectual disability
• factor may be older parents

Question 16

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 16

• genetic disorder; degeneration of nervous system
• enzyme needed to digest some foods / milk is missing
• Effects can be avoided with strict diet

Question 17

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer 17

Male possession of extra X chromosome

-XXY, sterile, intellectual disability

Question 18

Turner’s syndrome

Answer 18

Females with only one X chromosome

• failure of secondary sex characteristics
• physical abnormalities (fingers, mouth..)

Question 19

Gametes

Answer 19

Human sex cells (egg & sperm cells)

-These combine to make a zygote or fertilized egg

Question 20

Stages of prenatal development

Answer 20

1) Germinal period: 2 weeks from conception
2) Embryonic stage: 8 weeks; embryo increases 20,000x; begins to develop human appearance, limbs & nerve cells appear, as well as first motions
3) Fetal stage: 3d month; electrical activity in brain, continues to grow

Question 21

Rooting reflex

Answer 21

turn head when cheek is stimulated

Question 22

Moro reflex

Answer 22

startled; fling out arms, extend fingers, & hug self

Question 23

Babinski reflex

Answer 23

toes spread apart when feet soles stimulated

Question 24

Piaget terms
Schemata
Adaptation
Accomodation
Assimilation

Answer 24

Schemata- organized patterns of behavior and thought

Adaptation- this occurs through accommodation and assimilation

Assimilation- interpreting new info in terms of existing schemata

Accomodation- modifying existing schemata to adapt to new information

Question 25

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

Answer 25

1) Sensorimotor- 0-2 years Primary & secondary circular reactions Towards end- object permanence 2) Preoperational- 2-7 representational thought Centration- focus on one thing at a time Egocentrism- cant take other perspectives 3) concrete operational stage - 7-11 Conservation & perspective taking 4) formal operations ability to think like a scientist

Question 26

Phonology

Answer 26

sound stem of language

Question 27

semantics

Answer 27

learning of word meanings

Question 28

syntax

Answer 28

how words are put together to form sentences

Question 29

pragmatics

Answer 29

efficient use of language

Question 30

Holophrasis

Answer 30

using a single word to express a complete thought

Question 31

Peter Wolff & Crying

Answer 31

3 cries 1. basic - hunger 2. angry- frustration 3. pain

Question 32

Social smiling

Answer 32

5 months- familiar faces are more likely to elicit a smile

Question 33

Mary Ainsworth strange situation

Answer 33

type a: insecure avoidant b: secure attachmet c: insecure resistant

Question 34

Konrad Lorenz

Answer 34

imprinting takes place during certain critical periods

Question 35

Kohlberg's gender stages

Answer 35

1. gender labelling (2-3) realizing gender identity 2. gender stability (3-4) predict they will remain the same gender 3. gender consistency (4-7) permanency of gender no matter behavior and appearance

Question 36

Which of these did Watson not use to study behavior? - simple observation - conditioned reflex studies - instrumental control studies - method of hits - verbal reports on visceral reactions

Answer 36

method of hits (used in signal detection research)

Question 37

Which stimulus does not trigger the start of a behavior? - consummatory stimulus - sign stimulus - supernormal stimulus - motivating stimulus - releaser

Answer 37

motivating stimulus

Question 38

erikson- identity vs role confusion what age?

Answer 38

adolescent

Question 39

egg fertilization in humans occur in

Answer 39

the fallopian tubes

Question 40

according to Freud, in what stage is the oedipal conflict resolved?

Answer 40

phallic stage

Question 41

Convergent and divergent thinking was first defined by

Answer 41

J.P. guilford

Question 42

Walter michaels perspective on personality

Answer 42

trait theory is based on flawed assumptions about consistency of human behavior across situations

Question 43

what term is associated with henry murray and TAT test?

Answer 43

need to achieve

Question 44

if both parents have brown eyes, could the child have blue eyes?

Answer 44

yes

Question 45

When a child acquires the ability to represent the world internally through symbols, she enters which of piaget's stages?

Answer 45

Preoperational

Question 46

Galton's major contribution to psychology was his

Answer 46

focus on individual differences

Question 47

When a child reacts to a novel experience by changing his behavior in response to environmental demands, the resulting modification of his mental structure as referred by Piaget is the process of

Answer 47

accomodation

Question 48

An experimented who has been carefully trained in the techniques of self observation uses himself as a subject. He attempts to analyze his own experience into elements. This is most likely

Answer 48

Edward Titchener

Question 49

which is most likely to weaken a sociobiological explanation for the evolution of dominance hierarchies?

Answer 49

There is an inverse relationship between rank and inclusive fitness

Question 50

Piaget's approach to investigating the thought processes underlying a given verbal response is best described as

Answer 50

the clinical method

Question 51

Which archetype represents the feminine side of men?

Answer 51

Anima