Learning & Ethology

Question 1

Edward Thorndike (operant conditioning)
Law of effect:

Answer 1

law of effect- if a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the behavior will be reduced

Question 2

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 2

FI
FR
VI
VR

Question 3

continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 3

FR 1 reinforced each behavior

Question 4

shaping / differential reinforcement

Answer 4

reinforce desired response while extinguishing others

Question 5

implosion

Answer 5

similar to flooding, but just with thoughts/ imagination of fear

Question 6

systematic desensitization

Answer 6

forcing client to imagine feared stimulus, but keep them relaxed with relaxation techniques and an anxiety hierarchy

Question 7

contingency management

Answer 7

general name for therapies that attempt to change behavior by altering consequences

Question 8

behavioral contract

Answer 8

written agreement that states consequences of certain acts; useful in resolving interpersonal conflicts

Question 9

pre-mack principal

Answer 9

using a more preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity

Question 10

Thorndike (behaviorist)

Answer 10

problem solving is due to trial and error

Question 11

Wolfgang Kohler

Answer 11

animals could learn by insight

Question 12

Tolman - cognitive maps

Answer 12

• rats in mazes

- animals have mental maps of physical spaces

Question 13

Bandura- observational learning

Answer 13

observing others can effect your behavior

Question 14

Garcia - preparedness

Answer 14

animals are prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli

Question 15

Fixed action pattern FAP

Answer 15

stereotyped behavior sequence that does not have to be learned by an animal

Question 16

sign stimuli

releaser and supernormal stimulus

Answer 16

features of stimuli sufficient t bring a FAP

releaser- triggers social behavior in animals

supernormal stimulus- model more efficient than a natural releaser

Question 17

reproductive isolating mechanisms

Answer 17

behaviors that prevent close species from mating

Question 18

Karl von frisch

Answer 18

communication of honey bees

Question 19

reproductive fitness

Answer 19

takes into account offspring that live old enough to reproduce

Question 20

inclusive fitness (theory of kin selection)

Answer 20

takes into account offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce and other relatives who live to reproduce

Question 21

E.O wilson -sociobiology

Answer 21

behavior is due to complex interplay of genetics and environment

Question 22

Which concept is based on classical conditioning?

Answer 22

systematic desensitization

Question 23

Conrad found that subjects had a fairly high error rate when asked to recall groups of six letters, even when the letters were always drawn from a ten-letter pool that remained in view throughout the study.

Error rate is related to

Answer 23

The sounds of the letters involved

Question 24

A child’s parents allow her to play video games only after she has completed all of her homework for that night

Answer 24

Premack Principle

Question 25

The word bugs has how many morphemes / phonemes?

Answer 25

2 morphemes

4 phonemes

Question 26

which reinforcement schedule is most difficult to extinguish?

Answer 26

variable-ratio

gambler addicts

Question 27

If a dog owner wants to teach a dog to catch a frisbee with shaping, he should

Answer 27

initially reinforce the dog each time is picks up or sniffs the frisbee

Question 28

children’s early sentences are telegraphic because

Answer 28

many words and word endings are missing

Question 29

the administration of unavoidable shock prior to avoidance learning results in which phenomenon when avoidance training begins?

Answer 29

the animal makes no effort to escape the shock

Question 30

Everytime an alarm clock rings, the subject is hit in the eye with a puff of air with a blow dryer. The eyeblink caused by the blow dryer is called

Answer 30

the unconditioned response

Question 31

A poll shows people tend to believe tornadoes kill more people than asthma, due to the

Answer 31

availability heuristic

Question 32

Olds and Milner discovered that

Answer 32

Rats electrically stimulate themselves if electrodes are placed in the septal region of their brains

Question 33

in his studies of memory, Ebbinghaus used the method of savings to determine

Answer 33

amount of material retained from a prior learning task

Question 34

which of the following is used to measure the time it takes to perform various mental processes?

Answer 34

mental chronometry

Question 35

Latent learning depends most strongly on which distinction?

Answer 35

learning VS performance

Question 36

Beliefs can be resistant to attack by presenting counter arguments. what theory is this

Answer 36

inoculation theory