Learning & Ethology Flashcards
Edward Thorndike (operant conditioning) Law of effect:
law of effect- if a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the behavior will be reduced
Schedules of reinforcement
FI
FR
VI
VR
continuous reinforcement schedule
FR 1 reinforced each behavior
shaping / differential reinforcement
reinforce desired response while extinguishing others
implosion
similar to flooding, but just with thoughts/ imagination of fear
systematic desensitization
forcing client to imagine feared stimulus, but keep them relaxed with relaxation techniques and an anxiety hierarchy
contingency management
general name for therapies that attempt to change behavior by altering consequences
behavioral contract
written agreement that states consequences of certain acts; useful in resolving interpersonal conflicts
pre-mack principal
using a more preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity
Thorndike (behaviorist)
problem solving is due to trial and error
Wolfgang Kohler
animals could learn by insight
Tolman - cognitive maps
- rats in mazes
- animals have mental maps of physical spaces
Bandura- observational learning
observing others can effect your behavior
Garcia - preparedness
animals are prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli
Fixed action pattern FAP
stereotyped behavior sequence that does not have to be learned by an animal
sign stimuli
releaser and supernormal stimulus
features of stimuli sufficient t bring a FAP
releaser- triggers social behavior in animals
supernormal stimulus- model more efficient than a natural releaser
reproductive isolating mechanisms
behaviors that prevent close species from mating
Karl von frisch
communication of honey bees
reproductive fitness
takes into account offspring that live old enough to reproduce
inclusive fitness (theory of kin selection)
takes into account offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce and other relatives who live to reproduce
E.O wilson -sociobiology
behavior is due to complex interplay of genetics and environment
Which concept is based on classical conditioning?
systematic desensitization
Conrad found that subjects had a fairly high error rate when asked to recall groups of six letters, even when the letters were always drawn from a ten-letter pool that remained in view throughout the study.
Error rate is related to
The sounds of the letters involved
A child’s parents allow her to play video games only after she has completed all of her homework for that night
Premack Principle
The word bugs has how many morphemes / phonemes?
2 morphemes
4 phonemes
which reinforcement schedule is most difficult to extinguish?
variable-ratio
gambler addicts
If a dog owner wants to teach a dog to catch a frisbee with shaping, he should
initially reinforce the dog each time is picks up or sniffs the frisbee
children’s early sentences are telegraphic because
many words and word endings are missing
the administration of unavoidable shock prior to avoidance learning results in which phenomenon when avoidance training begins?
the animal makes no effort to escape the shock
Everytime an alarm clock rings, the subject is hit in the eye with a puff of air with a blow dryer. The eyeblink caused by the blow dryer is called
the unconditioned response
A poll shows people tend to believe tornadoes kill more people than asthma, due to the
availability heuristic
Olds and Milner discovered that
Rats electrically stimulate themselves if electrodes are placed in the septal region of their brains
in his studies of memory, Ebbinghaus used the method of savings to determine
amount of material retained from a prior learning task
which of the following is used to measure the time it takes to perform various mental processes?
mental chronometry
Latent learning depends most strongly on which distinction?
learning VS performance
Beliefs can be resistant to attack by presenting counter arguments. what theory is this
inoculation theory
