Learning & Ethology Flashcards

1
Q
Edward Thorndike (operant conditioning)
Law of effect:
A

law of effect- if a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the behavior will be reduced

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2
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A

FI
FR
VI
VR

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3
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

FR 1 reinforced each behavior

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4
Q

shaping / differential reinforcement

A

reinforce desired response while extinguishing others

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5
Q

implosion

A

similar to flooding, but just with thoughts/ imagination of fear

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6
Q

systematic desensitization

A

forcing client to imagine feared stimulus, but keep them relaxed with relaxation techniques and an anxiety hierarchy

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7
Q

contingency management

A

general name for therapies that attempt to change behavior by altering consequences

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8
Q

behavioral contract

A

written agreement that states consequences of certain acts; useful in resolving interpersonal conflicts

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9
Q

pre-mack principal

A

using a more preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity

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10
Q

Thorndike (behaviorist)

A

problem solving is due to trial and error

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11
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

animals could learn by insight

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12
Q

Tolman - cognitive maps

A
  • rats in mazes

- animals have mental maps of physical spaces

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13
Q

Bandura- observational learning

A

observing others can effect your behavior

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14
Q

Garcia - preparedness

A

animals are prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli

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15
Q

Fixed action pattern FAP

A

stereotyped behavior sequence that does not have to be learned by an animal

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16
Q

sign stimuli

releaser and supernormal stimulus

A

features of stimuli sufficient t bring a FAP

releaser- triggers social behavior in animals

supernormal stimulus- model more efficient than a natural releaser

17
Q

reproductive isolating mechanisms

A

behaviors that prevent close species from mating

18
Q

Karl von frisch

A

communication of honey bees

19
Q

reproductive fitness

A

takes into account offspring that live old enough to reproduce

20
Q

inclusive fitness (theory of kin selection)

A

takes into account offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce and other relatives who live to reproduce

21
Q

E.O wilson -sociobiology

A

behavior is due to complex interplay of genetics and environment

22
Q

Which concept is based on classical conditioning?

A

systematic desensitization

23
Q

Conrad found that subjects had a fairly high error rate when asked to recall groups of six letters, even when the letters were always drawn from a ten-letter pool that remained in view throughout the study.

Error rate is related to

A

The sounds of the letters involved

24
Q

A child’s parents allow her to play video games only after she has completed all of her homework for that night

A

Premack Principle

25
The word bugs has how many morphemes / phonemes?
2 morphemes | 4 phonemes
26
which reinforcement schedule is most difficult to extinguish?
variable-ratio | gambler addicts
27
If a dog owner wants to teach a dog to catch a frisbee with shaping, he should
initially reinforce the dog each time is picks up or sniffs the frisbee
28
children's early sentences are telegraphic because
many words and word endings are missing
29
the administration of unavoidable shock prior to avoidance learning results in which phenomenon when avoidance training begins?
the animal makes no effort to escape the shock
30
Everytime an alarm clock rings, the subject is hit in the eye with a puff of air with a blow dryer. The eyeblink caused by the blow dryer is called
the unconditioned response
31
A poll shows people tend to believe tornadoes kill more people than asthma, due to the
availability heuristic
32
Olds and Milner discovered that
Rats electrically stimulate themselves if electrodes are placed in the septal region of their brains
33
in his studies of memory, Ebbinghaus used the method of savings to determine
amount of material retained from a prior learning task
34
which of the following is used to measure the time it takes to perform various mental processes?
mental chronometry
35
Latent learning depends most strongly on which distinction?
learning VS performance
36
Beliefs can be resistant to attack by presenting counter arguments. what theory is this
inoculation theory