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Psychology GRE Cards > Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Absolute threshold

A

minimum of stimulus energy needed to activate a sensory system (how powerful a stimulus must be for perception)
-AKA Limen (subliminal perception refers to perception of stimuli below a threshold)

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2
Q

Difference threshold

A

how different two stimuli must be before they are perceived to be different

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3
Q

JND- just noticeable difference

A
  • same as difference threshold, but different units

- if diff threshold is 2 inches, then it is 1 JND

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4
Q

Weber’s law

A

change in stimulus intensity needed to produce a JND0 divided by stimulus intensity of the standard stimulus is a constant

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5
Q

Fechner’s law

A

relationship between intensity of sensation and intensity of the stimulus

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6
Q

Signal detection theory

A

nonsensory factors influence what the subject says she senses (experiences, motives, expectations..)
(response bias)- tendency to respond due to nonsensory factors

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7
Q

Reception

A
  • 1st step in sensory info processing

- each sensory system has receptors that react to physical energy

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8
Q

Transduction

A
  • 2nd step

- translation of physical energy into neural impulses or action potentials

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9
Q

projection areas

A

brain areas that further analyze sensory input

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10
Q

cornea

A

clear, dome like window in the front of eyes

-gathers and focuses incoming light

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11
Q

pupil

A
  • hole in the iris
  • contracts in bright light
  • expands in dim light to let more light in
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12
Q

Iris

A
  • colored part of eye

- controls pupil size and the amount of light entering eye

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13
Q

Lens

A
  • lies behind the iris

- controls curvature of light coming n and focuses near or distant objects on the retina

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14
Q

duplexity / duplicity theory of vision

A
  • the retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors
  • light passes through intermediate sensory neurons before reaching photoreceptors
  • blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the eye
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15
Q

Cones

A
  • color vision
  • fine detail
  • bright light
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16
Q

Rods

A
  • reduced illumination

- low sensitivity to detail and not involved with color

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17
Q

Fovea

A
  • middle section of retina with only cones
  • most sensitive in daylight
  • best visual acuity
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18
Q

Feature detection theory

A

-certain cells in the cortex are maximally sensitive to certain features of stimuli
-3 types of cells are
simple
complex
hypercomplex

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19
Q

Simple
Complex
Hypercomplex cell functions

A

simple- orientation
complex- movement
hypercomplex- shape

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20
Q

Brightness vs illumination

A

brightness- subjective impression of intensity of a light stimulus

illumination- physical, objective measurement of light

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21
Q

Dark adaptation

A

caused by regeneration of rhodopsin, the photopigment in rods

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22
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another; sharpens and highlights borders between light and dark areas

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23
Q

Color perception

A

wavelength of light entering eye

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24
Q

subtractive color mixture

A
  • when you mix pigments

- blue and yellow make green

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25
Q

additive color mixture

A

mixing lights

-red and green light make yellow light

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26
Q

Trichromatic theory (young-hemholtz)

A
  • -retina has 3 different cones
  • one is very sensitive to red, one to blue, and one to green (3 types of color receptors)
  • mixing these 3 primary lights can produce any color
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27
Q

Opponent process theory of color vision (Ewald Hering)

A
  • adds yellow as a primary color
  • red blue green and yellow are opposing pairs
  • also included black and white
  • 3 opposing pairs are red-green, blue-yellow, black-white
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28
Q

interposition (overlap)

A

if one object covers another, the partially hidden object is seen as farther away

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29
Q

Relative size

A

comparison of retinal size of object to actual size of objects give cue about depth

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30
Q

Linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into distance

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31
Q

Texture gradients

A

as scene recedes from viewer, the surface texture of the object appears to change

32
Q

Motion parallax

A

when observer moves, objects in a stationary environment appear to move relative to distance from observer

33
Q

Binocular disparity (stereopsis)

A

each eye sees a slightly different scene; when brain combines the scenes, we get perception of depth

34
Q

Figure & Ground

A

figure- integrated visual experience in the center of attention

ground- background

35
Q 
5 laws that explain perception
Proximity
Similarity
Good continuation
Closure
Pragnanz
A

Proximity- elements close together tend to be perceived as a unit

Similarity- elements similar tend to be grouped together

Good continuation- elements that follow same direction tend to be grouped together

Closure- tendency to see incomplete figures as complete

Pragnanz- perceptual organization will always be as good as possible (simple, symmetrical…)

36
Q

Bottom-up processing (data driven)

A

responds directly to components of incoming stimulus on the basis of fixed rules and sums up to arrive at a whole pattern

37
Q

Top down processing (conceptually driven)

A

guided by conceptual processes like memories and expectations that allow brain to recognize whole objects and THEN the components

38
Q

apparent motion

A

when 2+ stationary lights flicker in succession, they are perceived as a single moving light

39
Q

induced motion

A

stationary point of light appears to move when the background moves

40
Q

autokinetic effect

A

stationary light in a dark room appears to move; caused by involuntary eye movements ?

41
Q

motion aftereffect

A

if a moving object stops, it will appear to move in the opposite direction

42
Q

Preferential looking

A

2 stimuli are presented side by side. if an infant looks at one longer, they can perceive the difference

43
Q

habituation

A

if a new stimulus is presented, and an infant stops looking at the old one, then they can perceive the difference

44
Q

visual cliff

A

apparatus designed by gibson and walk to assess infant depth perception

45
Q

Frequency & intensity

A

frequency- number of cycles per second in Hertzes

Intensity- amplitude of sound wave in decibels

46
Q

Pitch
Loudness
& Timbre

A

Pitch- subjective experience of sound frequency

Loudness- subjective experience of sound intensity

Timbre- quality of sound

47
Q

Hemholtz’s place-resonance theory

A

each different pitch causes a different place on the basilar membrane to vibrate which causes different hair cells to bend

48
Q

Frequency theory

A

basilar membrane vibrates as a whole (rate of vibration = frequency of stimulus)

49
Q

touch - two-point threshold

A

minimum distance necessary between 2 points of stimulation on skin so the points will be felt as 2 stimuli

50
Q

Physiological zero

A

a neutral temperature perceived to be neither hot nor cold

51
Q

gate theory of pain

A

theory that there is a gating mechanism in the spinal cord that turns pain signals on and off

52
Q

dichotic listening

A

different messages in both ears

53
Q

Yerke’s dodson law

A

performance is worst at extremely low or high levels of arousal and optimal at some intermediate level

54
Q

Pinna

A

channels sound waves into the auditory canal

55
Q

eardrum AKA tympanic membrane

A

vibrates in phase with incoming sound waves

-fast for high freq, and slow for low freq

56
Q

Middle ear

-contains 3 bones called OSSICLES

A

Hammer, Anvil, & stirrup

-transmit vibrations of tympanum to inner ear

57
Q

oval window

A

entrance to inner ear

58
Q

organ of corti

A

comprised of thousands of hair cells that transduce bending into electrical charges

59
Q

Hubel & wiesel

A

feature detection

-discovered certain cells in the visual cortex involved in detecting various features of stimuli

60
Q

Semicircular canals

A
  • vestibular sense

- balance and head position

61
Q

Dots placed closely together so they look like they form rectangles demonstrate the law of

A

proximity

62
Q

Two points are placed so close together they are perceived as one. This is because they haven’t reached the

A

two point threshold

63
Q

Who quantified weber’s statement of relationship between stimulus and sensation?

A

Fechner

64
Q

a stationary point of light when viewed in a dark room appears to move- this is the

A

autokinetic effect

65
Q

According to hemholtz and young, the neural basis for pitch perception is

A

the locationon the basilar membrane that vibrates

66
Q

What best summarizes current views on feature detectors in the auditory and visual systems?

A

feature detectors have been clearly demonstrated in both modalities

67
Q

the analyst must serve as an object onto which hostile impulses are projected is most consistent with the work of

A

DW Winnicott

68
Q 
which is a physical property of sound?
Loudness
Frequency
Pitch
Timbre
Hue
A

Frequency

69
Q

The ames room experiment demonstrates

A

the influence of apparent distance on the perception of size

70
Q

Under dim light a researcher repeatedly displays several objects to a subject so that each time the image falls on a different area of the subjects retina. What is the expected result?

A

Object discrimination will be worst in the fovea

71
Q

Ablation of the lateral geniculate nucleus would most like affect which sensory system?

A

vision

72
Q

the volley principle can be considered an improvement on

A

frequency theory

73
Q

A researcher wants to study the effect of response bias and sensitivity on perception of changes in frequency. She would most like use with theory

A

signal detection theory

74
Q

A subject wears a set of headphones that give different messages to each eat. The subject repeats one of the messages as she hears it. This technique is called

A

shadowing

75
Q

Which of the following concepts is most relevant to signal detection theory?

A

ROC curve

76
Q

Damage to the left visual cortex will

A

impair vision for images of objects falling on the left half of each eye’s retina

77
Q

Principal function of the parietal lobe is

A

spatial processing

Psychology GRE Cards (8 decks)

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